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Swine,general/other S(#S(# 0 S SheepandWool P  S(#S(# 36100 S Sheep,liveanimalX S(#S(# 36200 S Meat,sheep0 S(#S(# 36300 S Woolfiber S(#S(# 36990 S Sheepandwool,general/other S(#S(# 0 S CulturedAquaticAnimals @ S(#S(# 37100 S CatfishHS(#S(# 37110 S Trout S(#S(# 37120 S SalmonS(#S(# 37130 S StripedbassS(#S(# 37140 S TilapiaXS(#S(# 37150 S Baitfish(minnowsandshiners)0S(#S(# 37160 S OrnamentalfinfishXS(#S(# 37190 S Otherculturedfinfish0S(#S(# 37200 S CrawfishS(#S(# 37210 S MarineshrimpS(#S(# 37220 S FreshwatershrimphS(#S(# 37230 S Oysters@S(#S(# 37240 S ClamsandmusselshS(#S(# 37250 S Ornamentalshellfish@S(#S(# 37290 S Otherculturedshellfish S(#S(# 37990 S Culturedaquaticanimals,general/other !S(#S(# 0 S OtherAnimals P"#S(#S(# 38100 S Horses,ponies,andmules$X%S(#S(# 38200 S Goats,meatandmohair$0 &S(#S(# 38300 S Pets(companionanimals)%!'S(#S(# 38400 S Laboratoryanimals&!(S(#S(# 38990 S Otheranimals,generalh'")S(#S(# 0 S Animals )h$+S(#S(# 39100 S Cross-commodityresearch--multipleanimalspecies* &-S(#S(# 39990 S Animalresearch,general+&.S(#S(# Ї   MICROORGANISMS    Code 0 S Subject hS(#S(# 40100 S Bacteria pS(#S(# 40200 S Fungi(includesyeast)HS(#S(# 40300 S Viruses S(#S(# 40400 S Viroids,mycoplasmas,spiroplasmas,etc. S(#S(# 40500 S Protozoa S(#S(# 40990 S Microorganisms,general/otherX  S(#S(#    FOODANDMANUFACTUREDRESOURCES  X   Code 0 S Subject  S(#S(# 50100 S Food (notreadilyassociatedwithspecificplantandanimalproducts)x S(#S(# 0 S ClothingandTextiles 0S(#S(# 51100 S Clothing/apparel8S(#S(# 51200 S TextilesS(#S(# 51990 S Clothingandtextiles,generalS(#S(# 0 S AgriculturalSupplies HS(#S(# 52100 S FertilizersPS(#S(# 52200 S Pesticides(includesherbicides,insecticides,fungicides,etc.)(S(#S(# 52300 S FeedandfeedadditivesS(#S(# 52400 S SeedsandotherplantpropagulesS(#S(# 52990 S Agriculturalsupplies,general/other`S(#S(# 0 S Structures,Facilities,andEquipment `S(#S(# 53100 S Machineryandequipment !S(#S(# 53200 S Houses(humanresidences),furniture,householdequipment,non-textilefurnishings!"S(#S(# 53300 S Farmstructuresandrelatedfacilitiesx"#S(#S(# 53400 S Nonfarmstructuresandrelatedfacilities,includingthoseusedinmarketing,storing, P#$ processing,anddistributingfunctions,andforrecreationaluses S(#S(# 53500 S Domesticandcommunitywatersupplyfacilitiesandsystems%P &S(#S(# 53600 S Drainageandirrigationfacilitiesandsystems%(!'S(#S(# 53700 S Sewageandwastedisposalfacilitiesandsystems&"(S(#S(# 53990 S Structures,facilities,andequipment,general/other'")S(#S(#    HUMANRESOURCES,ORGANIZATIONS,ANDINSTITUTIONS  8)$+  Code 0 S Subject *@&-S(#S(#  + '. 0 S PeopleandCommunities S(#S(# 60100 S Individuals(asworkers,consumers,membersofsociety)hS(#S(# 60200 S Thefamilyanditsmembers@S(#S(# 60300 S ThefarmasanenterprisehS(#S(# 60400 S Realestate@S(#S(# 60500 S Communities,areas,andregions,includingstatesandtheirinstitutionsand   organizations S(#S(# 60990 S Peopleandcommunities,general/otherx S(#S(# 0 S Economy ( x S(#S(# 61100 S EconomyoftheUnitedStatesandsectorsthereof0 S(#S(# 61200 S Internationaleconomyandsectorsthereof S(#S(# 61990 S Economy,general/other S(#S(# 0 S Marketing @ S(#S(# 62100 S FarmercooperativesHS(#S(# 62200 S Marketing,processing,andsupplyfirmsotherthancooperatives S(#S(# 62300 S MarketingsystemsandsectorsthereofS(#S(# 62990 S Marketing,general/otherS(#S(#    OTHERTECHNOLOGIES  0 t(Usethefollowingclassificationsonlyiftheresearchisnottargetedatoneormorepreviouslylistedspecificcommodities/productsorresources) Code 0 S Subject pS(#S(# 70100 S BiologicalCellSystems (xS(#S(# 71100 S Researchonresearchmanagement (notresearchmanagementperse)0 S(#S(# 0 S ResearchEquipmentandMethods !"S(#S(# 72100 S RemotesensingequipmentandtechnologyP#$S(#S(# 72200 S Sensoryevaluation/analysismethods(humansenses)($x%S(#S(# 72990 S Researchequipmentandmethods,general/other%P &S(#S(# 73100 S Experimentaldesignandstatisticalmethods &"(S(#S(# 74100 S Generaltechnology h(#*S(#S(#   H)$+    FIELDOFSCIENCE    Code 0 S Subject @S(#S(#  S Biological  H Ѐ10000 S Biochemistryandbiophysics S(#S(# 10100 S Nutritionandmetabolism S(#S(# 10200 S Physiology`  S(#S(# 10300 S Cellularbiology8  S(#S(# 10400 S Molecularbiology` S(#S(# 10500 S Developmentalbiology8 S(#S(# 10600 S Biology(wholesystems) S(#S(# 10700 S Ecology S(#S(# 10800 S Genetics(includesbreeding)p S(#S(# 10900 S ImmunologyH S(#S(# 11000 S Bacteriology pS(#S(# 11010 S VirologyHS(#S(# 11020 S Mycology S(#S(# 11030 S Othermicrobiology(includesprotozoology,phycology,etc.)S(#S(# 11100 S ParasitologyS(#S(# 11200 S NematologyXS(#S(# 11300 S Entomologyandacarology0S(#S(# 11400 S WeedscienceXS(#S(# 11500 S Toxicology0S(#S(# 11600 S PathologyS(#S(# 11700 S EpidemiologyS(#S(# 11800 S PharmacologyhS(#S(# 11900 S Limnology@S(#S(#  S Physical  @ 20000 S Chemistry !S(#S(# 20100 S Physics!"S(#S(# 20200 S EngineeringX"#S(#S(# 20300 S Geology0#$S(#S(# 20400 S Mineralogy$X%S(#S(# 20500 S Hydrology$0 &S(#S(# 20600 S Geography%!'S(#S(# 20610 S Pedology&!(S(#S(# 20700 S Meteorologyandclimatologyh'")S(#S(# 20800 S Mathematicsandcomputersciences@(#*S(#S(# 20900 S Statistics,econometrics,andbiometrics)h$+S(#S(#  S SocialandBehavioral *&-   +&. 30000 S AnthropologyS(#S(# 30100 S EconomicsS(#S(# 30200 S Education`S(#S(# 30300 S Informationandcommunication8S(#S(# 30400 S History`S(#S(# 30500 S Law8S(#S(# 30600 S Politicalscience S(#S(# 30700 S Psychology S(#S(# 30800 S Sociologyp S(#S(# 30900 S Sensoryscience(humansenses)H  S(#S(# 31000 S Management p S(#S(# 31100 S Artandarchitecture H S(#S(# 31110 S Landscapearchitecture S(#S(#      6,X` X,XS` X6  RESEARCHPROBLEMAREA   <,X` " X,X` X< TOPICAREAI. " NATURALRESOURCESANDENVIRONMENT  @   SOIL  H <` " ,X` " X< RPA101.0  APPRAISALOFSOILRESOURCES  (#(# Researchinsupportofsoilmappingisconcernedwithidentifyingtheimportantsoilparametersforuseincropproduction,sitespecificmanagement,forestandrangeresourceevaluation,housingdevelopments,zoning,wastemanagement,environmentalurbanplanning,andotherlanduses.Soilsurveyscanalsobeusedtoshowsoilcharacteristicssuchasspatialandtemporalvariability,susceptibilitytofrostheaveorslippage,depthtowatertable,depthtorockorotherimpermeablebarriers,bearingstrength,floodhazard,andsoilerosionpotentialthataffectsuitabilityofasiteforspecificuses.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Physical,chemical,mechanical,andbiologicalcharacteristicsofsoilsneededinsoil ( classificationandmanagement.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Identificationofsoiltypesandtheirsuitabilityforspecificuses.b݌(#(# Ќ  0  Appraisalofhowsoilsbehaveunderdifferentlevelsofmanagementandusesuchascrop ` production,logging,grazing,waterutilizationandyield,andotheragricultural,forestry,wastedisposal,andnonagriculturaluses. (#(# b  b0    Soilresourcedescriptionandinventory,includingtheirspatialandtemporalvariability.b݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Useofgeographicinformationsystemsandremotesensingtechnologies.b݌(#(# Ќ  RPA102.0  SOIL,PLANT,WATER,NUTRIENTRELATIONSHIPS p(#(# Thisproblemareaisconcernedwiththechemicalandphysicalnatureofinterrelationshipsamongsoils,plants,water,andnutrients.Theobjectiveistoimprove,maintain,orrestoretheinherentproductioncapabilityofsoils.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Soiltestingandplantanalysis.b݌8#$(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Resourcedevelopment,conservation,andmanagement.b݌$`%(#(# Ќ  b  bi0    Factorsthatlimitrootdevelopmentofplants.bi݌$8 &(#(# Ќ  b  b#0    Developmentofpracticalmethodsforamelioratingunfavorableconditions,suchastillage %!' pans,nutrientdeficiencies,andimproperairwaterrelationships.b#>݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bW0    Waystomaintainandimprovesoilstructurebysoilamendmentsandbysoil,crop,tillage,and p'") managementsystems.bWr݌ (#(# Ќ  b  ba0    Theeffectofphysical,chemical,andbiologicalpropertiesofsoilsonsoilstructure,resistance  )p$+ toerosion,availabilityofplantnutrients,andthegeneralenvironmentforplantroots.ba|݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Chemicalchangesofnutrientelementsindifferentkindsofsoilsandthefactorsaffecting * &- uptakebyvariouscrops.b݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodstomakebeneficialchangesinenergydissipationandutilizationinthesoilplant  atmosphererelationships.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Interrelationshipsbetweensoilpropertiesandtheirimpactsonwaterstorageandmovement ` inthesoilprofile.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Effectsandactionsofbiologicalorganismsonsoilandorganicmatterfunctionandplant ` relationships.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Useofmanuresandotherorganicmaterialsasplantnutrientsources.b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Precisionfarmingmethodology.(UseRPA205or402)b݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Responseofplantspeciestovariablesofsoil,plant,water,andnutrientconditions.(Use  H  appropriateRPAunderPLANTSANDTHEIRSYSTEMSorFORESTANDRANGERESOURCES)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Effectsoferosion,fire,flood,andothernaturalhazardsonthesoilresource.(UseRPA104)b݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA103.0  MANAGEMENTOFSALINEANDSODICSOILSANDSALINITY 0 (#(# Injuriousaccumulationsofsaltsmayoccurintherootzoneofsoilbecausesaltsmoveupwardinthesoilwithwaterandareleftbehindasthewaterevaporates.Saltscanbeleacheddownwardtothegroundwaterortoadrainagesystemastheresultofheavyrainfallorirrigation.Saltsgenerallycomefromirrigationwater,butsomesoilsnaturallycontainexcessivequantities.Manycomplexproblemsarecreatedbythecombinationofsalts,soils,andclimaticconditionsandqualityofirrigationorleachingwater.Disposalofsaltswithoutdegradingwaterqualityforthedownstreamuserisacriticalproblem.Inthearidwest,injuriousconcentrationsofsaltsinthesoilhaveimpairedtheuseofupto25percentofirrigatedland.Salinityandbrackishwaterproblems   alsooccurinseaboardareas.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Leachingtheoryandmethodstopredictratesandamountsofvariousqualitiesofleaching  \ watersandrelateddrainagesystemrequirementstoreclaimsoilshavingsaltaccumulations.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodsoftreatingandmanagingsalineirrigationwaterandleachingeffluents.b݌  (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Managementcriteriaforuseofbrackishwaterofvariousqualitiesunderawiderangeofsoil,  ! crop,andenvironmentalconditions.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Tillage,crop,soilamendment,leaching,andprofilemodificationpracticesforcropproduction D"# onsalineandsodicsoils.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Interactionsofsoilstructure,dissolvedandadsorbedions,microbialactivity,organicmatter, #D% andmoisturemovementintherootzoneofsaltaffectedsoils.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Proceduresandequipmentfordeterminingthesalinitystatusofsoilsandirrigationwaters.b9݌% '(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Studiesonplantsorcroppingsequencestomanageorimprovesalinesoils.b!݌|&!((#(# Ќ  b  b0    Breedingandselectionofsalttolerantvarieties.b݌T'")(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Effectsofhumancausedsaltpollutionsuchasthatfromindustrialsources.(UseRPA133)b݌*&-(#(#    +&.  RPA104.0  PROTECTSOILFROMHARMFULEFFECTSOFNATURALELEMENTS (#(#  Thisresearchfocusesonprotectionofsoilsfromimpairmentasaresultofnaturalevents.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Effectsofwindandwatererosion.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bm0    Effectsoffloods.bm݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Effectsoflandslides.b &݌x (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Effectsofwildfire.b݌P  (#(# Ќ  b  bM0    Subsidenceoforganicsoils.bMh݌( x (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b 0    Resourcedevelopmentandconservationmanagement.(UseRPA102,112,or131)b '݌ (#(# Ќ  WATER  8   RPA111.0  CONSERVATIONANDEFFICIENTUSEOFWATER @(#(# Researchinthisareaattemptstoincreaseefficiencyincollecting,storing,conveying,using,andreusingavailablewaterresources.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b"0    Procedurestomonitorandimproveeffectivenessofwaterstorageinthesoilprofileand 0 undergroundaquifers.b"=݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b(0    Improvedwaterconservationpracticessuchasresiduemanagementthatwillbecompatible  withmodernmechanizedagriculturalpractices.b(C݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bG0    Selectionandbreedingofplantvarietiestomakeefficientuseofwaterthroughthevarious @ stagesofplantgrowth.bGb݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bS0    Alternativepracticaltechniquesforreducingwaterlossfromplant,soil,andwatersurfaces.bSn݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b=0    Practicestoenhancewaterinfiltration,transmission,andusebyplants.b=X݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodstoconserve,replenish,andeffectivelyusewaterinundergroundstorage.b-݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Studiesdesignedtocontrolphreatophytesandaquaticweedstoreducethedamageorlosses x!" theycause.b ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Waterinwetlandandripariansystems.b݌(#x$(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Aquaticweedsasapollutant.(UseRPA133)b݌&!((#(# Ќ  b  bm0    Economicandpolicyissuesofwater.(UseRPA605or610)bm݌`'")(#(# Ќ  RPA112.0  WATERSHEDPROTECTIONANDMANAGEMENT )`$+(#(# Thisresearchprogramareaisintendedtofocusonsoilandwatermanagementproblemsatwholewatershedscales,asopposedtoproblemsofmorelocalizedscale.Thesewatershedsincludethe +&. croplandoftheU.S.aswellasrangeandforestlands.Watershedresearchcanencompassoneormoreofthefollowing:floodpreventionsystems,sedimentcontrol,windandwatererosioncontrol,andmanagementstrategiesorientedtowardwateryieldandquality.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Newconceptsandmathematicalexpressionsoftheerosionprocessesbywindandwaterat   thewatershedscale.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Proceduresforidentifyingsedimentsources,predictingandmeasuringsedimentdeposition, p  andmethodsforsedimentcontrol.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Measuresforcontrollingerosiononwatershedlandsandstreamchannelsystemsinruraland  p  urbanenvironments,andmethodsforreclaimingerodedlands.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodsforquantifyingtheroleofsoilandvegetationinthehydrologicperformanceof   watershedsandriverbasins,andtheimpactofmanagementpracticeswhichchangetopographicandvegetativecharacteristics.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bQ0    Improvedproceduresforuseofwatershedsandriverbasinstoassureneededagriculturaland X  forestproducts,keepsoilerosionandsedimentationtoanacceptableminimum,andsupplyreliablequantitiesofgoodqualitywaterfordomestic,agricultural,municipal,andindustrialuses.bQl݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Alternativelandandwatermanagementpracticesincludingcovermanipulationtoimprovethe  quality,quantity,andtimingofsurfaceandsubsurfacewateryieldsfromwatershedsandriverbasins.b  ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b_ 0    Alternativesystemsformanagingwaterstorageandmovementtoreducefloodsanddispose @ ofexcesswater,maintainstablestreamchannels,andprovidewaterforbeneficialuses.b_ z ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Designandimplementationofpracticesforthereclamationofsoilthathavebeendrastically @ disturbedduetoconstruction,surfacemining,mineralextraction,andothercauses.b  ݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b 0    Economicandpolicyissuesofwatershedmanagement.(UseRPA605or610)b $݌(x(#(# Ќ  FORESTANDRANGERESOURCES  0  RPA121.0  MANAGEMENTOFRANGERESOURCES  !(#(# Researchinthisareaincludesinvestigationsofbiologicalprocessesandecologicalrelationships,improvedrangemanagementtechniques,andbetterappraisalsofrangeconditionsforproductionoflivestockforage,wateryield,andwildlifehabitat.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Determinationoftypesofinformationneededandstandardsofestimation.b݌`'")(#(# Ќ  b  bp0    Improvementofrangelandevaluationmethodstoreducecostsandincreasetheusefulness 8(#* ofinformationobtained,includingaerialphotography,geographicinformationsystems(GIS),trendprojections,andcomputersfordataanalysis.bp݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Appraisaltoprovideuptodateinformationonthequality,quantity,andproductivityofrange *&- resources.b ݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Appraisalsforuseindevelopmentofresourceprograms.b݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Projectingfuturedemandforrangeforageandotherbenefitsnormallyrelatedtothewiseuse  ofrangelands.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Physiologyandecologyofrangelandplantcommunities.b݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Rangecharacteristics,includingidentification,physiologicalrequirements,andnutritivevalue ` offorageplants.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Understandingrangeecosystemsandtheirbioticandphysicalcomponents.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bb0    Improvementthroughbreedingandselectionofbrowseplantsforforage,protection,and   aestheticpurposes.bb}݌ (#(# Ќ  b  be0    Revegetationofdeterioratedareasbyseedingdesirablespecies.be݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b10    Systemsformanagingrangesincludingfertilization,mechanization,grazingpressure,and  p  drainagetoincreaseyields.b1L݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b?0    Managementpracticesthatharmonizegrazingwithtimbergrowing,wildlife,recreation,and   otherlanduses.b?Z݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bB0    Riparianareasandwetlandsassociatedwithrangelandhabitatsandtheirimportancetothese   ecosystems.bB]݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bB0    Forestedrangemanagement.bB]݌0 (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Protectionagainstinsectsanddiseases.b݌X(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Invasive/alienplantdeteriorationofrangelands.b݌0(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bp0    Studiesfocusedonimprovementofwildlifehabitat.(UseRPA135)bp݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b= 0    Watershedsystemsandcumulativeeffects.(UseRPA112)b= X ݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b!0    Protectionagainstfire.(UseRPA122)b!!݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b!0    Agroforestry.(UseRPA125)b!!݌(#(# Ќ  b  bY"0    Economicandpolicyissuesofrangemanagement.(UseRPA605or610)bY"t"݌(#(# Ќ  b  b)#0    Useofprescribedfireformaintenanceofrangeecosystems.(UseRPA122)b)#D#݌x(#(# Ќ  b  b#0    Biologicalcontrolofpests.(UseRPA215)b#$݌P(#(# Ќ  b  b$0    Integrationofpestcontroltacticsintoanintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)system.(UseRPA (x 216)b$$݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA122.0  MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFFORESTANDRANGEFIRES  (#(# Fireresearchdetermineswhere,when,andhowtouseprescribedfiretomaintainfiredependentecosystemswithoutundulyendangeringotherresourcesandfacilities.Thisresearchdevelopsnewwildfirepreventionmethods,newtechnologyforfuelhazardreduction,improvedsystemsforwildfiredetection,andeffectiveattackmethodologyforthreateningfires.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b'0    Firerelatedbiologyandecologyofplantsandanimals.b''݌P'")(#(# Ќ  b  bz(0    Atmosphericandecosystemdynamics,patterns,andcharacteristics.bz((݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  bH)0    Physicsandchemistryofcombustion.bH)c)݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  b)0    Behavioroffireasinfluencedbyfirestartingagents,atmosphericcirculation,andlocal )(%, weather,fuels,andtopography.b)*݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b +0    Fireintelligencesystems,includingelectronicmethods,remotesensing,automatic +&. measurementoffireenvironment,andcomputerintegrationofthesefactorsintoafiredanger `,'/ ratingsystem.b +%+݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bu,0    Reductionoffuelhazardsthroughphysical,chemical,andprescribedfiretreatments.bu,,݌(#(# Ќ  b  bW-0    Aerialandgroundproceduresforfightingfires.bW-r-݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b.0    Integratedprescribedfirecontrolandforestmanagementsystemswhichminimizewildfire 8 losses.b...݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b /0    Useofprescribedfiretomaintaintheintegrityandfunctionofrangeecosystems.b /&/݌8(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b00    Protectingsoilfromfiredamage.(UseRPA104)b00݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b00    Protectionfrompollution.(UseRPA133)b00݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bp10    Controlofhazardstofirefightingpersonnel.(UseRPA723)bp11݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  b820    Economicandpolicyissuesofforestandrangefire.(UseRPA605or610)b82S2݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA123.0  MANAGEMENTOFFORESTRESOURCES  (#(# Researchincludesinvestigationsofbiologicalprocessesandecologicalrelationships,improvedsilviculturaltechniquesforcommercialandothertimberspecies,andbettermethodsforforecastinggrowthandqualitychangesinrelationtomanagementpractices.Sustainabilityofforestproductionrelatedtoimprovedmanagementpracticesincludesimprovingbiologicalefficiencyofforesttrees.Developmentofnewtechniquesforintensivecultureandforcombiningtimberculturewithothermanagementobjectivesareincluded.Researchincludesforestresourcesextractableorusablebysociety,includingtimber,mushrooms,boughs,medicinalplants,berries,etc.Areasofresearchtoincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b760    Intensiveforestmanagement.b76R6݌(#(# Ќ  b  b60    Studiesofforestecosystemandcommunitystructureandfunction.b66݌X(#(# Ќ  b  b70    Physiologyandecologyofforesttreesandplantcommunities.b77݌0(#(# Ќ  b  bu80    Selectionandbreedingoftrees.bu88݌X(#(# Ќ  b  b!90    Protectionagainstinsectsanddiseases.b!9<9݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b90    Determinationoftypesofinformationneededandstandardsofestimation.b99݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b:0    Improvementofinventorymethodstoreducecostsandincreaseusefulnessofinformation  ! obtained,includingemphasisongeographicinformationsystems(GIS),aerialphotography,trendprojections,anduseofcomputersfordataanalysis.b::݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b.<0    Appraisalsandinventoriesforuseindevelopmentofresourceprograms.b.<I<݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  b=0    Seedorchardmanagement,seedharvesting,processing,andstoragemethods.b==݌#@%(#(# Ќ  b  b=0    Nurseryculture,planting,anddirectseeding.b==݌$ &(#(# Ќ  b  b>0    Invasive/alienplantdeteriorationoftimberlands.b>>݌% '(#(# Ќ  b  bP?0    Techniquestoencouragenaturalregeneration.bP?k?݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  b @0    Useofprescribedfireandothermeasurestocontrolcompetingvegetation,standcomposition, P'") andhabitatcharacteristics.b @$@݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bA0    Planningandtechniquesforlongtermmanagementofforestsfortimberproductionin )P$+ harmonywithotheruses,includingwildlifeandrecreation.bA6A݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bCB0    Theory,instrumentation,andmethodsofmensurationforestimatingtimbergrowth,yield,and *&- quality.bCB^B݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b@C0    Culturaltechniques,includingspacing,fertilization,liming,andirrigationfortheproductionof `,'/ timberrelatedcropsfromimprovedstrains.b@C[C݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bgD0    Effectsofenvironmentandgeneticsonwoodproperties.bgDD݌(#(# Ќ  b  b*E0    Relationoftimberspeciesandqualitytowoodpropertiesanduse.b*EEE݌`(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bF0    Forestwatersheds.(UseRPA112or605)bF*F݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bF0    Protectionagainstwildfireandfirerelatedbiologyandecologyofbiota.(UseRPA122)bFF݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bG0    Agroforestry.(UseRPA125)bGG݌p (#(# Ќ  b  bMH0    Urbanforestry.(UseRPA124)bMHhH݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  bH0    Forestrecreation.(UseRPA134)bHI݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bI0    Forestedrange.(UseRPA121)bII݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  bKJ0    Economicandpolicyissuesofforestsandforestry.(UseRPA605,610,or611)bKJfJ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b%K0    Biologicalcontrolofpests.(UseRPA215)b%K@K݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bK0    Integrationofpestcontroltacticsintoanintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)system.(UseRPA   216)bKK݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA124.0  URBANFORESTRY X(#(# Thisresearchconcentratesontheuseoftreestoimproveormaintainthequalityofurbanandsuburbanenvironmentsandtoenhancenaturalbeautythroughtreeplantings.Treeplantingsforspecialpurposesinclude:visualscreening,noisesuppression,airqualityimprovement,shade,andbeautification.Identificationanddevelopmentofspeciescapableoflivingunderadverseconditionssuchassmoke,airpollution,compactedsoils,deficientorexcessivemoisture,andotherunfavorableconditionsassociatedwithurbanenvironmentsisincludedinthiscategory.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bO0    Selectionandbreedingoftreesforurbanenvironments,shade,andotherspecial X characteristics.bOO݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bP0    Protectionoftreesfromdamagebyanimals,wildfire,floods,insects,diseases,orother X harmfulagents.bPP݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bQ0    Methodsofsitepreparationandtreeestablishmentappropriateforspecialpurposeplantings.bQQ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bmR0    Urbantreebiology,includingcultureandmaintenanceofurbantreesandstands.bmRR݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  bIS0    Soilandsiterequirementsofspeciesneededtoimprovetheenvironment.bISdS݌h!"(#(# Ќ  b  bT0    Physical,biological,wildlife,andsocialbenefitsofurbantrees/forests,includingpsychological @"# andphysicalhealth.bT8T݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b-U0    Multipleeffectsofurbanforestssuchasloweringthe"heatisland"effect,reductionofairand #@% waterpollution,andimprovementofpropertyvalues.b-UHU݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  brV0    Commercialproducts.(UseRPA123)brVV݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  b W0    Studiesspecifictopollution.(UseRPA133)b W;W݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  bW0    Agroforestry.(UseRPA125)bWW݌)(%,(#(# Ќ  b  bX0    Economicandpolicyissuesofurbanforests.(UseRPA605)bXX݌*&-(#(# Ќ  b  bEY0    Biologicalcontrolofpests.(UseRPA215)bEY`Y݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  bY0    Integrationofpestcontroltacticsintoanintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)system.(UseRPA `,'/ 216)bYZ݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA125.0  AGROFORESTRY `(#(# Agroforestryisagroupofpracticesthatintentionallycombinetreesorshrubswithcroporlivestockoperations,orusetreesattheagriculture/communityinterfacetohelpcreatemoreintegrated,diverse,andsustainablefarms,nonindustrialforests,ranches,andruralcommunities.Agroforestrypracticesaredesignedtoincorporatetheuseoftreesintoagriculturalsettingstoaccomplishsocial,economic,andenvironmentalobjectives.Themaintypesofagroforestryincludealleycropping,riparianbuffers,forestfarming,windbreaks,andsilvopasture.Areasofresearchinclude:b  b]0    Biologicalinteractionscreatedoralteredbyagroforestryplantings.b]]݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b^^0    Ecologicalrolesofagroforestrysystemsatthelandscapelevel.b^^y^݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b*_0    Techniquesforestablishment,management,andrenovationofagroforestrypractices.b*_E_݌` (#(# Ќ  b  b `0    Enhancingperformanceofagroforestryplantingsforeconomic,social,andenvironmental 8  services,andruraldevelopment.b `$`݌ (#(# Ќ  b  ba0    Selectionandbreedingofplantmaterialsforagroforestry.ba4a݌8(#(# Ќ  b  ba0    Protectionoftreesandshrubsinagroforestryplantingsfromdamagebyanimals,wildfire,  floods,insects,diseases,orotherharmfulagents.baa݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bc0    Identificationofnewandinnovativewoodyplantspeciesandarrangementstoenhance p economicreturnsfromagroforestrypractices(e.g.,specialtycrops:medicinalherbs,floralproducts,Christmastrees,woodproducts).bc!c݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bzd0    Generatingincomeproducingopportunitiesfromlanddevotedtoconservationoriented H agroforestry.bzdd݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bte0    Integratingagroforestrytechnologiesandplantmaterialsintoappropriateconservationor  productionsystemsforfarms,ranches,communities,andnonindustrialforests.btee݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bf0    Identifyingsocialandeconomicconstraintstoagroforestryadoption.bff݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bg0    Landuseplanningtoolstointegrateagroforestrypracticesintowatersheds.bgg݌0(#(# Ќ  b  bah0    Roleofagroforestrysystems(e.g.,cropproduction,biodiversity,andcarbonsequestration) X tomitigatehypothesizednegativeimpactsofclimatechange.bah|h݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bi0    Managementofforests.(UseRPA123)bii݌@"#(#(# Ќ  b  b[j0    Biologicalcontrolofpests.(UseRPA215)b[jvj݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  bk0    Integrationofpestcontroltacticsintoanintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)system.(UseRPA #@% 216)bk,k݌ (#(# Ќ  NATURALRESOURCES,GENERAL  x&!(  RPA131.0  ALTERNATIVEUSESOFLAND 0(#*(#(# Researchinthisareaisconcernedwithevaluationofalternativeusesoflandtodetermineshortandlongtermbenefits.Changesinlanduseinresponsetopopulationgrowth,urbanandsuburbangrowth,recreationalneeds,andotherfactorsaffectingthefixedsupplyoflandare +&. includedinthisresearch.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bn0    Inventoryandappraisalofcurrentandpotentiallanduses.bn+n݌`(#(# Ќ  b  bn0    Parametersandmodelsforevaluatingbenefits.bnn݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bo0    Appraisaloffuturelandrequirementsfornonagriculturalusessuchasforestry,recreation,   highway,urban,andindustrialdevelopment.boo݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bp0    Conservationandmanagementpractices.bpp݌p (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b{q0    Economic(i.e.,costbenefitanalysis)alternativeevaluations.(UseRPA605)b{qq݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bTr0    Economicandpolicyissuesaffectinglanduse.(UseRPA605or610)bTror݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA132.0  WEATHERANDCLIMATE X (#(# Researchontheimpactofweatherandclimateonagriculturehasthreetasks:(1)characterizeexistingclimaticpatternsandproposemoreeffectivewaysofadjustingtothesepatterns,(2)specifymodificationsinmanagementapproachesthataredesirabletofarmandforestmanagers,and(3)learnhowpotentialmodificationsaffectagricultureornaturalecology.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bu0    Understandingthesequencesanddurationofweathereventsandtheresponseofrelevant H biota.bu.u݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b v0    Probabilitiesofoccurrenceofweatherconditionscriticaltoagriculturaloperations.b v$v݌(#(# Ќ  b  bv0    Methodsforincorporatingclimatologyinthestrategies,forecasts,anddecisionmakingtactics  ofagriculture.bvw݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bw0    Biologicalconsequencesofclimaticchanges.bwx݌0(#(# Ќ  b  bx0    Driversofweather,climate,orclimatechange.bxx݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bfy0    Mechanismsbywhichmicrometeorologycontrolsthereentryofpesticides,herbicides,and 0 otheragriculturalchemicalsintotheatmosphere.bfyy݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bz0    Microandmesoclimatologicalconditionsregulatingtheairbornetransportofinsects,bacteria,  ! fungi,andotherparticulates.bzz݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b{0    Mechanismsbywhichmicrometeorologyaffectsgasandwaterexchangeattheplant @"# atmosphereboundarylayer.b{{݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b|0    Lightningandotherweatherrelatedforestfirestudies.(UseRPA122)b||݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  b}0    Weather/climatedataobtainedfromintegratedpestmanagementresearch.(UseRPA216)b}}݌P'")(#(# Ќ  RPA133.0  POLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDMITIGATION )P$+(#(# Agriculturalresearchisconcernedwithpreventing,alleviating,andmitigatingpollutioninitiatedbyagriculturalandforestrypracticesanditsdetrimentaleffectsonagriculturalplants,animals,soil,air,water,andhumans.Potentialpollutantsinclude:organicpesticides,radionuclides,fertilizer h,'/ chemicals,growthregulatingchemicals,animalandcropwastes,mulchingmaterials,pathogenicmicroorganisms,heavymetals,saltsusedonroadsfordeicing,allergens,airborneparticulates,dust,ozone,odors,volatilecompounds,gases,combustionproducts,smoke,andsmog.Thisresearchfocusesonagriculturalproduction,notonhealthhazardstohumans,whicharecoveredinRPA723,HazardstoHumanHealthandSafety.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Sources,character,intensity,andcausesofpollutionfromagriculturalandforestpracticesand p  frequencyofoccurrence.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Behaviorandfateofpesticidesandotherpollutantsinair,soil,andwater.b"݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Toleranceofplants,animals,humans,andinsectstopollutants,includinglowlevelsof  H  pollutantsforprolongedperiodsoftime.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Breedingandselectionofforestandrangeplantsresistanttopollution.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bх0    Publicpolicythatwouldreducepollution.bх݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Neworalternativeagriculturalandforestrypracticesandmethodsofreducingandcontrolling X  pollutiontolevelsthatarenotharmfultonaturalresources,plants,animals,andhumans,ormethodsthatwillpreventemissionofthepollutant.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Roleanduseoflivingorganismsinremovingpollutantsfromtheenvironment.b-݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Minimumenvironmentalqualitystandardsfornaturalresourcehealthandintegrity.b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bʉ0    Methodologyandinstrumentationfordetectionofpollutantsandmethodsofanalysis.bʉ݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodsofmonitoringair,water,soil,andothermediaforpollutantsandmaintenanceof h networksthatconductthismonitoring.bƊ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bË0    Methodsandequipmentforprotectingplantsandanimalsfrompollutants.bËދ݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Effectsandremedialmeasuresrelatedtoatmosphericdeposition.b݌@(#(# Ќ  b  bd0    Protectionagainstradiationandotherhazards.bd݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Remediationofpollutedareas.b:݌(#(# Ќ  b  bɎ0    Alleviatingodors,dust,andnoise.bɎ݌x(#(# Ќ  b  by0    Aquaticweedsasapollutant.by݌P(#(# Ќ  b  b"0    Modelingpollutantloadanddeliverytoair,soil,andwaterresources.b"=݌(x(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b 0    Treestoenhanceruralandurbanenvironments.(UseRPA124)b '݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  bՑ0    Protectinghumansfromharmfuleffectsofmicroorganismsandnaturallyoccurringtoxins.(Use `!" RPA712)bՑ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bӒ0    Collecting,moving,storing,recycling,ordisposingofplant,animal,andradioactiveor #`$ industrialwastes.(UseRPA403)bӒ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Safemethodsfordisposingofpesticidesorotheragriculturalchemicals.(UseRPA403or $ & 723)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b۔0    Methodsandequipmenttoprotecthumansfrompollutants.(UseRPA723)b۔݌p&!((#(# Ќ  b  b0    Protectionofhumansfromnonfoodallergensandtoxins,andpoisonousplants.(UseRPA H'") 723)bȕ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Protectionofhumansfromradiation.(UseRPA723)b݌(H$+(#(# Ќ  b  b_0    Mitigationofodors,dust,andnoisehazardoustohumans.(UseRPA723)b_z݌) %,(#(# Ќ  RPA134.0  OUTDOORRECREATION +&.(#(#  `,'/ Outdoorrecreationresearchdevelopsinformationtoguidethemanagementofrurallandsforrecreationandhelpcoordinatethisusewithotherlandresources.Researchinvolvesproblemsinmanagementofphysicalresources,aswellassocioeconomicrelationshipsofusersoftheresources.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Determiningthedemandforoutdoorrecreation.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Criteriaforselectingsitesthatwillattractandsupportheavyrecreationuse.b݌p (#(# Ќ  b  b~0    Developingpracticalmethodstomaintainexistingrecreationsitesandrestoringthosedepleted H   byheavyuse.b~݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Requirementsforaestheticlandscapesandmeansforproducingandmaintainingthem.b݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  bc0    Methodsfortheprotection,management,andrecreationaluseofwildernesstypehistorical   andarcheologicalareasandsceniclandscapes.bc~݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Managementsystemsandspecialequipmentandfacilitiesthatwillminimizedangersfromfire,   avalanches,andothernaturalhazards.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Understandingofvisitorpreferencesandattitudesregardingoutdoorrecreationopportunities.b݌0 (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Economicevaluationofrecreationandrecreationresources.(UseRPA605)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bv0    Recreationpolicy.(UseRPA610)bv݌h(#(# Ќ  RPA135.0  AQUATICANDTERRESTRIALWILDLIFE h(#(# Researchonwildlifeincludesthreatenedandendangeredspecies,furbearinganimals,fish,andotheraquaticlife.Researchincludesmaintainingandenhancinghabitatsforwildlife,anddeterminationofthebiologicalrequirementsandrelationshipsbetweenandamongspecies,includingcoverandfoodrequirements.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Lifehistoriesandpopulationdynamicsoffish,furbearinganimals,andwildlife,includingnon   gameandthreatenedorendangeredspecies,aquaticorganisms,andplantsthatprovidewildlifefoodandshelter.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bW0    Ecologicalandphysiologicalrequirementsofwildlife.bWr݌@"#(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Adaptationofplantstosites,andselectionandgeneticimprovementofbothnativeandexotic #h$ foodandcoverplants.b4݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b&0    Improvingwildlifehabitatthroughsuchmeasuresasseeding,planting,prescribedburning, $ & spraying,fertilizing,andmanipulationofnativevegetation.b&A݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bV0    Improvingfishhabitatandfoodsuppliesthroughmanagementandrestorationofstreamside x&!( vegetation,streamchannels,andspawningbeds.bVq݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bw0    Breedinghabits,selection,feedinghabits,andmanagementofwildlife.bw݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  bK0    Breeding,selection,andmanagementoffishandotheraquaticanimals.bKf݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Biologyandenvironmentalrequirementsofaquaticlifeandpossibilitiesofenvironmental )(%, habitatenhancement.b8݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b#0    Protectionofwildlifeagainstinsects,diseases,andotherhazards,exceptpollutants.b#>݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b0    & {%%% {Managementofvertebratepeststoprotectproperty,endangeredspecies,andcommunity `,'/ wellbeing.#% {%%& {P#b"݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  ba0    Pollutionpreventionandmitigation.(UseRPA133)ba|݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Newandimprovedanimalproducts.(UseRPA308,502,or511)b:݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Farmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(Useappropriate   RPAunderANIMALSANDTHEIRSYSTEMS)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Economicsandmonetaryvaluingofwildlife.(UseRPA605)b݌p (#(# Ќ  b  bȱ0    Protectionofcropsfromvertebratepests.(UseRPA214)bȱ݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Protectionoflivestockfromvertebratepests.(UseRPA314)b݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bT0    Protectionofhumansfromdiseasestransmittedfromwildlife.(UseRPA722)bTo݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  b+0    Wildlifepolicy.(UseRPA610)b+F݌ (#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAII.0 " PLANTSANDTHEIRSYSTEMS  " (#" (#  PLANTPRODUCTION  8   RPA201.0  PLANTGENOME,GENETICS,ANDGENETICMECHANISMS @(#(# & {%%% {Thisresearchisfocusedondevelopmentoffundamentalinformationinplantgeneticsandplant  breedingtechnologywiththepurposeofmakingplantbreedingmoreefficientandproductive,andincludesrelatedtechnologiessuchas_genomic_Ԁdatabasemanagement.#% {%%& {µ# X Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Sequencingofplantgenomesanddevelopmentoridentificationofmoleculartoolssuchas  molecularmarkers,expressedsequencetags,andquantitativetraitloci(QTL).*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b¸0    Geneticstructuresandmechanisms.*b¸ݸ݌h(#(# Ќ  *b  *bp0    Geneticengineeringtechnology,including& {%%% {developmentofregenerationandtissueculture @ techniques.#% {%%& {#*bp݌h(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Geneticsofplantpopulations.*bѺ݌@(#(# Ќ  *b  *b`0    Inheritanceoftraits.*b`{݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Plantgenomedatabasesandassociatedbioinformatics.*b݌ !(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bڼ0    & {%%% {Breedingforspecifictraitswithdirectpurposeofreleasingacropvarietyorbreedingline,even $P% whenusingmoleculartoolssuchasmolecularmarkers,expressedsequencetags,and_QTL_.#% {%%& {##(UseRPAs203,204,211214)bڼ݌%!'(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Useofgenomictechnologytocharacterizeorevaluategermplasm.(UseRPA202)bо݌&!((#(# Ќ  b  b0    Populationgeneticsassociatedwithgermplasmpreservation.(UseRPA202)b݌`'")(#(# Ќ  b  bd0    & {%%% {Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)#% {%%& {#bd݌8(#*(#(# Ќ  RPA202.0  PLANTGENETICRESOURCESANDBIODIVERSITY )8%,(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedondiscovery,acquisition,preservation,characterization,and +&. developmentofplantgeneticresourcesforplantproductionorprotection.Bothinsituandexsitupreservationmethodsareincluded,aswellaspreservationofspeciesandwithinspeciesvariation.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b70    Acquisitionandpreservationofgeneticresources.*b7R݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Germplasmcharacterizationandevaluation,includingscreeningfordiversityorspecifictraits   forproductionorprotection.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b &݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Populationgeneticsassociatedwithgermplasmpreservation.*b݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *bv0    Genepoolenrichmentandprebreedingactivitiessuchasinterspecificcrosses,introgression  H  oftraitsintobreedinglines,& {%%% {Ԁincreasingfrequenciesofdesirablegeneswithincropgenepools,#% {%%& {O#   andadaptationofmaterialtodaylengthorotherculturalrequirements.*bv݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bl0    Longtermstorageofgeneticmaterials,includingseedsandvegetativelypropagated   materials.*bl݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  by0    Breedingforspecifictraits,includingtheuseofmoleculartoolssuchasmolecularmarkers,  expressedsequencetags,andQTL.(UseRPAs203,204,211214)by݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Seedprocessingforshorttermstorageorcommercialuse.(UseRPA512)b݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)b݌@(#(# Ќ  RPA203.0  PLANTBIOLOGICALEFFICIENCYANDABIOTICSTRESSESAFFECTINGPLANTS @(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonunderstandingandimprovingplantproductivityandqualityaffectedbyreducedinputsorabioticstressessuchaswater,temperature,ornutrients.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Biologicalmechanismsthataffectactualorpotentialyields.*b݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *bm0    Biologicalmechanismsrelatedtowateruseandsurvivalofwaterstresses(e.g.,drought,   flooding).*bm݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bi0    Biologicalmechanismsrelatedtotheuseofnutrientsandsurvivalofnutrientstress.*bi݌h!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *bK0    Biologicalmechanismsrelatedtosurvivaloftemperaturestress(includingfreezing,chilling, @"# andheat).*bKf݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bL0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forbiologicalefficiencyorstresstolerance.*bLg݌#@%(#(# Ќ  *b  *b/0    Culturalpracticestoimprovebiologicalefficiencyorstresstolerance.*b/J݌$ &(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Basicplantbiology.(UseRPA206)b5݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Integrationofthisresearchintoproductionmanagementsystems.(UseRPA205)b݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forqualityimprovement.(UseRPA204)b݌)(%,(#(# Ќ  b  b~0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forhostplantresistance.(UseRPA211,212,or214)b~݌*&-(#(# Ќ  b  bh0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forcropweedmanagement.(UseRPA213)bh݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  bD0    Evaluationofgermplasmforvariationinbiologicalefficiencyorstresstolerance.(UseRPA `,'/ 202)bD_݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b=0    Effectsofabioticfactorsonpests.(UseRPAs211214)b=X݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Effectsofpollutionstressonplants.(UseRPA133)b݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    & {%%% {Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,125,or133)#% {%%& { #b݌8(#(# Ќ  RPA204.0  PLANTPRODUCTQUALITYANDUTILITY(PREHARVEST) 8(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonmaintainingorimprovingspecificqualityorutilityparameterswithinbiologicalmaterialbeforeharvest.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Biologicalprocessesthataffectproductqualityandutility.*b ݌( (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forproductqualityandutility.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Culturalpracticesthataffectproductqualityandutility.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bV0    Maintenanceofseedquality.*bVq݌` (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Basicplantbiology.(UseRPA206)b0݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Postharvestqualityandutility.(UseRPA502,503,511,711,or712)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Integrationofresearchresultsintoproductionmanagementsystems.(UseRPA205)b݌p(#(# Ќ  b  br0    Evaluationofgermplasmforvariationinspecificqualityorutilityparameters.(UseRPA202)br݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b\0    Fundamentalareasofgenetics.(UseRPA201)b\w݌ p(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Seedprocessingtechnology.(UseRPA512)b/݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b0    & {%%% {Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)#% {%%& {#b݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA205.0  PLANTPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS (#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonintegrationofproductionpracticesintoanintegratedsystemformanagingannualandperennialplantpopulationdensities,fertility,irrigation,andotherculturalpracticesinanefficientandeffectivemanner.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bS0    Applicationofremotesensingandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologiesinmanagingplant H"# populationdensities,fertility,irrigation,andotherculturalpractices.*bSn݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Modelinganddecisionsupportsystemsforuseinmanagingplantpopulationdensities,fertility, #H% irrigation,andculturalpractices.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Evaluationofintegratedproductionmanagementsystems.*b݌% '(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Developmentofintegratedpestmanagementsystems.(UseRPA216)b݌)X$+(#(# Ќ  b  bR0    Applicationofremotesensingandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologiesforpest )0%, management.(UseRPAs211216)bRm݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bZ0    Modelinganddecisionsupportsystemsforpestmanagement.(UseRPA216)bZu݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b.0    Basicstudiesrelatedtoimproving,maintaining,orrestoringtheinherentproductioncapability h,'/ ofsoils.(UseRPA102)b.I݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b>0    & {%%% {Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)b>Y݌(#(# Ќ  #% {%%& {# RPA206.0  BASICPLANTBIOLOGY 8(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedoninquiryintofundamentalprocessesandmechanismsinplantsandmodelorganismsbasictothelifeoftheplant.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bS0    Characterizationofstructurefunctionrelationshipsandmetabolicpathways.*bSn݌( x (#(# Ќ  *b  *b+0    Mechanismsofenergytransduction,conversion,anddissipation.*b+F݌P (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Mechanismsofuptake,transport,andstorageofnutrientsandgases.*b݌( (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Mechanismsofresponsetoandtransductionofbioticandabioticfactors.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Processesinendophyticorfreelivingmicroorganismsrelatedtobasicprocessesinplants.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Processesrelatedtoseeddevelopment,respiration,andgermination.*b݌` (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bi0    Geneticstructuresandmechanisms.(UseRPA202)bi݌(#(# Ќ  b  b%0    Plantpopulationgenetics.(UseRPA202)b%@݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Biologicalmechanismsthataffectactualorpotentialyields.(UseRPA203)b݌p(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Biologicalmechanismsrelatedtobioticstress.(UseRPAs211214)b݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b~0    & {%%% {Forestandrangeplants.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)#% {%%& {#b~݌ p(#(# Ќ  PLANTPROTECTION     RPA211.0  INSECTS,MITES,ANDOTHERARTHROPODSAFFECTINGPLANTS (#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonreducingyieldandqualitylossduetoindigenousandexoticinsects,mites,andotherarthropods.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Populationdynamicsandecology.*b݌x!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b݌P"#(#(# Ќ  *b  *b#0    Impactofclimateandotherabioticfactorsonpestbiologyandbehavior.*b#>݌(#x$(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Culturalpracticestoreduceinfestationsoreffects.*b݌$P%(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Mechanismsofhostplantresistance.*b݌$( &(#(# Ќ  *b  *bj0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forhostplantresistance.*bj݌%!'(#(# Ќ  *b  *b:0    Pestresistancetocontrolmethodsorstrategies.*b:U݌&!((#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Efficacy,productperformance,applicationtechnology,andpopulationmanagementwith `'") conventionalpesticidesandbiopesticides(includingpheromonesandgrowthregulators).*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b<0    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(including& {%%% {economicinjurylevels,actionthresholds,and )`$+ remotesensing#% {%%& {#& {%%% {Ԁandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologies#% {%%& {E#)andpredictivemodelsfor )8%, singlepests.*b<W݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b*0    Genetics,behavior,andmanagement(healthandproductivity)ofbeesandotherpollinators.*b*E݌+&.(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b(0    Integrationofcontroltacticsintosystemsformanagingsinglepestsorpestcomplexes.(Use 8 RPA216)b(C݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b&0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsorpredictivemodelsforpestcomplexes.(UseRPA216)b&A݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Biologicalcontrol.(UseRPA215)b %݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b{0    Evaluationofgermplasmforgeneticvariationinresistancetopests.(UseRPA202)b{݌p (#(# Ќ  b  bZ0    Fundamentalareasofgenetics.(UseRPA201)bZu݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b0    & {%%% {ForestinsectswhenresearchisnotattheIPMsystemslevel.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)b-݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Theroleofinsects,mites,andotherarthropodsindiseasetransmission.(UseRPA212)b 5 ݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Insectpestsaffectinghumans.(UseRPA721or722)b  ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Movementanddispersalresultingfromairbornetransportofpests.(UseRPA132or133)#% {%%& {[#b  ݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA212.0  DISEASESANDNEMATODESAFFECTINGPLANTS X (#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonreducingyieldandqualitylossduetoindigenousandexoticbacteria,fungi,nematodes,viruses,andotherpathogens.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b 0    Mechanismsofinfection,reproduction,systemicspread,andpathogenesis.*b  ݌H(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Epidemiologyandecology.*b  ݌ p(#(# Ќ  *b  *be0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*be݌H(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Mechanismsofhostplantresistance.*b $݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forhostplantresistance.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Culturalpracticestoreduceincidence,severity,orimpacts.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bQ0    Theroleofinsects,mites,andotherarthropodsindiseasetransmission.*bQl݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *b&0    Efficacy,productperformance,applicationtechnology,andpopulationmanagementwith 0 conventionalpesticidesandbiopesticides(includingpheromonesandgrowthregulators).*b&A݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bk0    Pestresistancetocontrolmethodsandstrategies.*bk݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *b)0    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(including& {%%% {economicinjurylevels,actionthresholds,and   remotesensingandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologies#% {%%& {#)andpredictivemodelsfor  ! singlepests.*b)D݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Integrationofcontroltacticsintosystemsformanagingsinglepestsorpestcomplexes.(Use $ & RPA216)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsandpredictivemodelsforpestcomplexes.(UseRPA216)b݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  b0    Biologicalcontrol.(UseRPA215)b݌P'")(#(# Ќ  b  b}0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)b}݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  bA0    Evaluationofgermplasmforgeneticvariationinresistancetopests.(UseRPA202)bA\݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Fundamentalareasofplantgenetics.(UseRPA201)b ;݌)(%,(#(# Ќ  b  b0    & {%%% {Movementanddispersalresultingfromairbornetransportofpests.(UseRPA132or133)#% {%%& {'#b݌*&-(#(# Ќ  RPA213.0  WEEDSAFFECTINGPLANTS `,'/(#(# ЇThisresearchisfocusedonreducingyieldandqualitylossesduetocompetitionfromindigenousandexoticweeds,includingaquaticweedsandparasiticplants.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b*0    Populationdynamicsandecology.*b*E݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bz0    Effectsofabioticfactorssuchastemperature,water,ornutrients.*bz݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bJ0    Weedseedstudies,includingdormancy,survival,anddepredation.*bJe݌p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Culturalpractices(includingsolarsterilization)toreduceweedpopulationsoreffects.*b 2 ݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forcropweedmanagement.*b !݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b!0    Efficacy,productperformance,applicationtechnology,andpopulationmanagementwith  H  conventionalpesticidesandbiopesticides(includinggrowthregulators).*b!!݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b#0    Pestresistancetoweedcontrolmethodsandstrategies.*b##݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b#0    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(including& {%%% {economicinjurylevelsandremotesensingand   otherautomatedsamplingmethodologies#% {%%& {9$#)andpredictivemodelsforweeds.*b##݌X (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b_%0    Integrationofcontroltacticsintosystemsformanagingsinglepestsorpestcomplexes.(Use  RPA216)b_%z%݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b]&0    Biologicalcontrol.(UseRPA215)b]&x&݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b '0    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forbiologicalefficiency.(UseRPA203)b '&'݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b'0    & {%%% {Controlofcompetingvegetationinurbanforestryandagroforestry.(UseRPA124or125)#% {%%& {1(#b'(݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b)0    Protectionofwildlifeandnaturalresourcesfromaquaticweeds.(UseRPA135)b)))݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b)0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsandpredictivemodelsforpestcomplexes.(UseRPA216)b)*݌(#(# Ќ  b  b*0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)b**݌(#(# Ќ  b  b+0    Toxiceffectsofweedsonanimals.(UseRPA314)b++݌x(#(# Ќ  b  bM,0    Effectsofweedsonhumanhealth,includingallergiesandtoxicity.(UseRPA723)bM,h,݌P(#(# Ќ  b  b+-0    Fundamentalareasofplantgenetics.(UseRPA201)b+-F-݌(x(#(# Ќ  b  b-0    & {%%% {Movementanddispersalresultingfromairbornetransportofpests.(UseRPA132or133)#% {%%& {2.#b-.݌P(#(# Ќ  RPA214.0  VERTEBRATES,MOLLUSKS,ANDOTHERPESTSAFFECTINGPLANTS  (#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonreducingyieldandqualitylossesduetoindigenousandexoticvertebratepests(includingbirdsandmammals),mollusks(includingslugsandsnails),andotherplantpests.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b}00    Populationdynamicsandecology.*b}00݌x&!((#(# Ќ  *b  *b)10    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b)1D1݌P'")(#(# Ќ  *b  *b10    Breeding(includinggeneticengineering)forhostplantresistance.*b11݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  *b  *b20    Impactofclimateandotherabioticfactorsonpestmanagement.*b22݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  *b  *bh30    Culturalpracticestoreduceinfestationsoreffects.*bh33݌)(%,(#(# Ќ  *b  *b)40    Efficacy,productperformance,applicationtechnology,andpopulationmanagementwith *&- conventionalpesticidesandbiopesticides(includingpheromonesandgrowthregulators).*b)4D4݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bn50    Pestresistancetocontrolmethodsorstrategies.*bn55݌`,'/(#(# Ќ  *b  *b+60    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(includingeconomicinjurylevels,actionthresholds,and  remotesensingandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologies)andpredictivemodelsforsinglepests.*b+6F6݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b70    Integrationofcontroltacticsintosystemsformanagingsinglepestsorpestcomplexes.(Use   RPA216)b77݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b80    Biologicalcontrol.(UseRPA215)b88݌p (#(# Ќ  b  bD90    Evaluationofgermplasmforgeneticvariationinresistancetopests.(UseRPA202)bD9_9݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b#:0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsandpredictivemodelsforpestcomplexes.(UseRPA216)b#:>:݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  b;0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)b;#;݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  b;0    Fundamentalareasofplantgenetics.(UseRPA201)b;;݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b<0    & {%%% {Managementofvertebratepestsinrangelandandforestsystems,includingagroforestsand   urbanforests.(UseRPA121,123,124,or125)#% {%%& {<#b<<݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b=0    & {%%% {Managementofvertebratepeststoprotectproperty,endangeredspecies,andcommunity X  wellbeing.(UseRPA135)#% {%%& {=>#b=>݌0 (#(# Ќ  RPA215.0  BIOLOGICALCONTROLOFPESTSAFFECTINGPLANTS 0(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonclassical,augmentative,orinundativeuseofnaturalenemies& {%%% {(includingmicrobialbiologicalcontrolagents)#% {%%& {@#Ԁtomanageplantpests(diseases,insects,mites, p nematodes,weeds,vertebrates,etc.).Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bA0    Basicbiologyandgeneticimprovementofnaturalenemies.*bA2A݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bA0    Ecologyandconservationofnaturalenemies.*bAA݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bB0    Populationdynamicepidemiologicmultitrophicinteractionsamongnaturalenemies.*bBB݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *bsC0    Collectionanddiscoveryofnaturalenemies.*bsCC݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *b+D0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b+DFD݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *bD0    Maintenance,massproduction,qualitycontrol,anddeliverysystemsfornaturalenemies.*bDD݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *bE0    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(includingremotesensingandotherautomatedsampling   methodologies)andpredictivemodelsfornaturalenemies.*bEE݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bF0    Managementofplantpestsusingmethodsotherthanbiologicalcontrol,includingchemical, #@% cultural,physical,andhostplantresistance.(UseRPAs211214)bFG݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b+H0    Integrationofcontroltacticsintosystemsformanagingsinglepestsorpestcomplexes.(Use % ' RPA216)b+HFH݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b)I0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsandpredictivemodelsforpestmanagementcomplexes. P'") (UseRPA216)b)IDI݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b%J0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)b%J@J݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  RPA216.0  INTEGRATEDPESTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS *&-(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedontheintegrationofoneormorecontroltacticsintoasystemfor h,'/ managingsingleplantpestsorpestcomplexesinaneconomically,socially,andenvironmentallysoundmanner.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bYL0    Understandingthebiologyofcroppestbeneficialinteractions(systemecology).*bYLtL݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *b5M0    Interactionsamongpestcontroltacticsandimpactsoncropproductivity.*b5MPM݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b N0    Implementationofnewknowledgeandtechnologiesonanareawideorregionalscale.*b N%N݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bN0    Impactofclimateandotherabioticfactorsonpestmanagementsystems.*bNO݌p (#(# Ќ  *b  *bO0    DeterminationofenvironmentalimpactsresultingfromtheuseofIPMsystems.*bOO݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *bP0    Developmentofsamplingprotocols(including& {%%% {economicinjurylevels,actionthresholds,and  p  remotesensingandotherautomatedsamplingmethodologies#% {%%& { Q#)andpredictivemodelsforuse  H  inmanagingpestcomplexesandnaturalenemypopulations.*bPP݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bqR0    Pestmanagementproblemspecificationinaffectedcommunitiesincludinggrowers/producers,   processors,marketers,andconsumers.*bqRR݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bS0    DeterminationofconstraintstoadoptionofIPMmethods,barrierstoprogressalongtheIPM X  continuum,andimpacts.*bSS݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bT0    Singlepestcontroltactics.(UseRPAs121,123,124,125,or211215)bTT݌(#(# Ќ  b  b}U0    Evaluationofgermplasmforgeneticvariationinresistancetopests.(UseRPA202)b}UU݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b\V0    Applicationofremotesensingandotherautomaticsamplingmethodologiesinmanagingplant @ populationdensities,fertility,irrigation,andotherculturalpractices.(UseRPA205)b\VwV݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bW0    Developmentofsamplingprotocolsandpredictivemodelsforsinglepestsornaturalenemies. @ (UseRPAs121,123,124,125,or211215)bWW݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bX0    & {%%% {Movementanddispersalresultingfromairbornetransportofpests.(UseRPA132)#% {%%& {Y#bXX݌(#(# Ќ  b  bY0    Developmentofremotesensinginstruments.(UseRPA404)bYY݌x(#(# Ќ  b  bZ0    DeterminationofeconomicandsocialimpactsofIPMsystems.(UseRPA601,605,or803)bZZ݌P(#(# Ќ  b  b[0    Impactsofpestmanagementpolicies.(UseRPA610)b[[݌(x(#(# Ќ  b  bH\0    Consumereconomics,includingresponsetoproductlabeling.(UseRPA607)bH\c\݌P(#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAIII.0 " ANIMALSANDTHEIRSYSTEMS  " (#" (#  ANIMALPRODUCTION  h!"  RPA301.0  REPRODUCTIVEPERFORMANCEOFANIMALS  #p$(#(# Animalreproductivebiologyinvolvesamultidisciplinaryapproachtosolvecostlyreproductiveproblemsandimprovereproductiveefficiency.Understandingfactorsthatcontrolreproductionprovidesmethodologiesforimprovingreproduction.Newreproductivetechnologieswillevolvefromresearchonpuberty,ovarianfunctionandcycles,gameteformationandmaturation,fertilization,establishmentandmaintenanceofpregnancy,andplacentalfunction,includingmaternalfetalinteractions,fetaldevelopmentandgrowth,andparturition.  )`$+  Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto: +&. *b  *b`0    Reducingtheageoffirstbreedinginfemales.*b``݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b:a0    Improvinglibidoandreducingphysicalandpsychologicalbarrierstomating.*b:aUa݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bb0    Methodstocontrolestrusandovulation.*bb-b݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *bb0    Semenmetabolismandpreservation,andartificialinseminationtechniques.*bbb݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *bc0    Effectsofstressfactorsonreproductiveperformance.*bcc݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *b^d0    Controllingsexofoffspringthroughspermseparationandothermeans.*b^dyd݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0e0    Increasingthefertilizationandconceptionrateofavailableova.*b0eKe݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *be0    Increasingthenumberofpotentiallyfertilizableova.*bef݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bf0    Reducingprenatal,natal,andpostnatalmortality.*bff݌p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b~g0    Improvingmotheringability.*b~gg݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *b&h0    Methodsforearlydiagnosisofpregnancy.*b&hAh݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *bh0    Fundamentalstudiestodeterminemolecular,cellular,andmetabolicmechanismsregulating  H  reproduction.*bhh݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bi0    Developmentofreproductivetechnologies.*bii݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bj0    Methodstoimprovespawningefficiencyinfishandshellfish.*bjj݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bXk0    Methodstoenhancelarvalrearinginfishandshellfish.*bXksk݌X (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b5l0    Nonfarmraisedfishandshellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA  135)b5lPl݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b/m0    Geneticstudiestoimprovereproductiveperformance.(UseRPA303)b/mJm݌h(#(# Ќ  b  bm0    Identificationofgenesthathaveaneffectonreproductionandhowtheyarecontrolledor @ regulated.(UseRPA304)bmn݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA302.0  NUTRIENTUTILIZATIONINANIMALS (#(# Theefficiencywithwhichanimalsconvertfeedstuffstohumanfoodandotherproductsvariesamongspecies,animalproductsproduced,andtypesofdiets.Enhancingtheefficiencyofnutrientutilizationforanimalproductivitywillrequirefundamentalknowledgeonawiderangeofscienceareassuchasmolecularandcellularbiology,digestion,metabolicprocesses,andfeedprocessingtechnology.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b&q0    Digestionandmetabolism.*b&qAq݌@"#(#(# Ќ  *b  *bq0    Nutrientsrequiredforspecificlifeprocessesandlongevity.*bqq݌#h$(#(# Ќ  *b  *br0    Hormoneandnutrientinteractionsformaintenance,growth,lactation,andotherproductivity #@% functions.*brr݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bs0    Compositionandbiologicalavailabilityofnutrientsofanimalfeed.*bss݌% '(#(# Ќ  *b  *bct0    Effectsofprocessingandfeedingsystemonnutritivevaluesofanimalfeed.*bct~t݌x&!((#(# Ќ  *b  *b;u0    Alternatesourcesofnutrients,includingforagesandagriculturalbyproducts.*b;uVu݌P'")(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b-v0    Reductionofwastecarcassfatandproportionoflowmeatyieldcuts.(UseRPA308)b-vHv݌*&-(#(# Ќ  RPA303.0  GENETICIMPROVEMENTOFANIMALS `,'/(#(# ЇAcriticalcomponentforimprovingproductionefficiencyofagriculturallyimportantanimalspeciesisthroughmoreeffectivegeneticimprovementprograms.Achievingthisrequiresthedevelopmentandapplicationofexpandedgeneticinformationandtechnologyrangingfrommoleculartoquantitativeandstatistical.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bx0    Estimationofgeneticparameters(e.g.,heritability,geneticvariancesandcovariances,   heterosis,andbreedingvalues).*bxx݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *by0    Selectionstudies.*byz݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *bz0    Breedevaluationstudies.*bzz݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b.{0    Matingsystems.*b.{I{݌ H (#(# Ќ  *b  *b{0    Developmentofbreedinggoalsandstrategies.*b{{݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b|0    Identificationofgeneticdefects.*b||݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0}0    Incorporationofmolecularandgenomicinformationintoappliedgeneticimprovement   programs.*b0}K}݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b%~0    Acquisitionandpreservationofgeneticresources.*b%~@~݌0 (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b~0    Reductionofwastecarcassfatandproportionoflowmeatyieldcuts.(UseRPA308)b~݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Genemappingandfundamentalmoleculargeneticandgenomicinformation.(UseRPA304)b݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Geneidentification,regulation,andcontrol.(UseRPA304)bր݌@(#(# Ќ  RPA304.0  ANIMALGENOME @(#(# Newdevelopmentsinmolecularbiologyandtheemergenceofmappingthehumangenomehaveledtothedevelopmentofresearchtomapandunderstandthegenomeofagriculturallyimportantanimalspecies.Amorecompleteunderstandingofanimalgenomewillprovidefundamentalinformationimportanttogenetics,physiology,nutrition,andrelatedsciencesrelevanttoanimalproduction.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b}0    Genemapping,linkageandphysical.*b}݌h!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *b,0    Geneidentification,functionrepetition,andcontrol.*b,G݌@"#(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Geneticengineeringandgenemanipulation.*b ݌#h$(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    DNAcloningandsequencing.*b݌#@%(#(# Ќ  *b  *bK0    QTLidentificationanddevelopmentofmarkerassistedselectionprocedures.*bKf݌$ &(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b:0    Applicationofmarkerassistedselectioninappliedbreedingprograms.(UseRPA303)b:U݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  RPA305.0  ANIMALPHYSIOLOGICALPROCESSES )(%,(#(# Theoverallproductivity,efficiency,andwellbeingofagriculturalanimalsisdeterminedbynumerouscomplexandinteractivebiologicalprocessesandinterconversions.Researchinthis h,'/ areaincludesstudiesofthefundamentalphysiologicalprocesseswithintheanimalattheorganismal,organsystem,cellular,andmolecularlevel.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b 0    Chemicalandstructuralorganizationofanimalcellsandtheirspecializedpropertiesand 8 functions,includingenzymaticmachineryandbiochemicalconversions.*b &݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bB0    Organization,structure,andfunctionoforgansystems,includingendocrine,circulatory/   vascular,urinary,nervous,muscular,andskeletalsystems,thesenseorgans,thecommonintegumentanditsderivatives,andbodyfluids.*bB]݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Physiologyofvitallifeprocessesandmechanismsoffunctionandcontrol.*b،݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Neural,hormonal,orotherchemicalmessengersthatserveasregulatorsofphysiologic  H  processesandperformintegrativefunctionsintheanimal.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Prenatal,neonatal,andpostnataldevelopmentandgrowthofanimals,includinggenetic   controlmechanismsandaccretion,deposition,anddegradationofproteinsandfatsinanimaltissues.*b׎݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Lactationphysiology,includingalveolardevelopmentandinvolution,milksynthesis,secretion 0  andejection,milkcomposition,andpatternsoflactation.*b+݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bX0    Physiologyofreproductionandreproductiveprocesses.(UseRPA301)bXs݌h(#(# Ќ  RPA306.0  ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSINANIMALS h(#(# Thisareaincludesresearchonstressesfromtheeffectsofclimate,handling,andotherenvironmentalfactorsthatdecreaseproductivity.Extremesintemperature,humidity,airmovement,andnoisemayleadtolowerreproduction,reducedfeedefficiency,anorexia,reduceddiseaseresistance,andincreasedmortality.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Environmentalfactorsthatreduceproductivity.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Facilitiesandequipmentthatreduceenvironmentalstress.*bʔ݌ !(#(# Ќ  *b  *bu0    Managementtechniquesthatenableanimalstoadapttostressconditions.*bu݌h!"(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  ba0    Stressfactorsthataffectreproductiveperformance.(UseRPA301)ba|݌$ &(#(# Ќ  b  b/0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA % ' 135)b/J݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b&0    Geneticfactorsofanimalresponseoradaptabilitytoenvironmentalstress.(UseRPA303)b&A݌P'")(#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Physiologicalresponsestoenvironmentalstress.(UseRPA305)b &݌((x#*(#(# Ќ  b  bՙ0    Behavioralresponsestoenvironmentalstress.(UseRPA315)bՙ݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  RPA307.0  ANIMALPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS *&-(#(# Animalbasedresearchtocomparetotalproductionsystemsislimitedduetocostandresource h,'/ requirements.Thedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,analyticmethods,andcomputermodelsthatsimulateanimalproductionsystemsprovideamethodologyforcriticallyevaluatingalternativeproductionsystemsandmanagementdecisions.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Animalbasedstudiesthatcompareproductionsystemsorsegmentsofproductionsystems.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bq0    Computersimulationmodelsofanimalproductionsystemsthatallowcomparisonsofvarious   alternativemanagementcomponentsanddecisions.*bq݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA   135)bƞ݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA308.0  IMPROVEDANIMALPRODUCTS(BEFOREHARVEST) X (#(# Researchonthecompositionofanimalproducts,factorsinfluencingproductquality,anddeterminationofconsumerpreferenceswillguideeffortstomaximizeanimalproductquality.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Physiologyandbiochemistryoffats,proteins,andflavorcomponentsofanimalproducts.*b ݌H(#(# Ќ  *b  *bԡ0    Factorsresponsiblefordevelopmentofflavorandothercomponentsofproductquality.*bԡ݌ p(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Reductioninundesiredfatinanimalproducts.*bѢ݌H(#(# Ќ  *b  *bp0    Improvingwool,hides,andothernonfoodanimalproducts.*bp݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b60    Determinationofconsumerpreferencesandfactorsinfluencingproductacceptability.*b6Q݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b.0    Beesandhoney.(UseRPA211)b.I݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bץ0    Processingtechniquesforimprovementordevelopmentoffoodandnonfoodproductsfrom 0 animals.(UseRPA502or511)bץ݌ (#(# Ќ  ANIMALPROTECTION  h!"  RPA311.0  ANIMALDISEASES  #p$(#(# Researchinthisareaincludesstudiestomanageanimaldiseasesthatrepresentamajorhazardtotheproductionofanadequateandwholesomesupplyofanimalproducts.Diseasesareaconstantthreattotheeconomicwelfareofthelivestock,poultry,andfishproducer.Lossesresultfrommortality,reducedproductivity,costoftreatmentorimmunization,costofregulatoryprograms,andcondemnationofmeatattheprocessingplant.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bC0    Thenatureofcausativeagentsinvolvedinanimaldiseases.*bC^݌+&.(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Mechanismsofdiseaseresistanceandimmunity.*b %݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bĪ0    Interrelationshipsamongenvironment,genetics,andinfectiousagentsintheetiologyof  diseases.*bĪߪ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Methodsofdiagnosis,prevention,treatment,control,anderadicationofdiseases,including 8 developmentofequipment.*b٫݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b̬0    Methodsofkeepinginfectiousdiseases,suchasfootandmouthdiseaseandrinderpest,out 8 ofthiscountry.*b̬݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bϭ0    Evaluationofalterativecontrolmethods.*bϭ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Understandingmechanismsinvolvedintransmissionofdiseasestoanimals,includingtherole p  ofvectorssuchasinsects,ticks,andmites.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Integratedcontrolsystems.b݌ p (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bd0    Disordersduetoimpropernutrition.(UseRPA302)bd݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b"0    Disordersresultingfrompollution.(UseRPA133)b"=݌X (#(# Ќ  b  b߱0    Bloatanddisordersduetoingestionoftoxicplants,etc.(UseRPA314)b߱݌0 (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Disordersduetoenvironmentalstress.(UseRPA306)bβ݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bs0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA 0 135)bs݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA312.0  EXTERNALPARASITESANDPESTSOFANIMALS h(#(# Thisresearchareaincludesstudiesofpestsandexternalparasites,includinginsects,ticks,mites,andotherparasiticarthropodsthatreduceanimalproductivity.Economiclossesresultfromreducedefficiencyofweightgainsandmilkandeggproduction,aswellastheaddedexpenseoflaborchargesanddrugcosts.Studiesincluderesearchonmorecosteffectivemethodsofcontrol.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Biologyandlifehistoryofpests.*b݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *b20    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b2M݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *bַ0    Useanddevelopmentofirradiation,chemosterilants,attractants,repellents,andothernon   insecticidalapproachestoinsectcontrol.*bַ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Absorption,metabolism,andexcretionofinsecticidesbyinsectsfeedingonorinanimals.*b݌h!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *b۹0    Biologicalcontrolofinsects.*b۹݌@"#(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Thenatureofinsectresistancetochemicalcontrols.*b݌#h$(#(# Ќ  *b  *bF0    Evaluationofalternativecontrolmethods.*bFa݌#@%(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developmentofmethodsandequipmentforapplyingorusingcontrolmaterials.*b݌$ &(#(# Ќ  *b  *bռ0    Integratedcontrolsystems.*bռ݌% '(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Theroleofinsects,mites,andotherarthropodsindiseasetransmission.(UseRPA311)b݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  b  bv0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA )(%, 135)bv݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA313.0  INTERNALPARASITESINANIMALS `,'/(#(# ЇResearchinthisareaincludesstudiesofinternalparasitessuchasvariouskindsofworms,flukes,andprotozoa.Emphasisisonreducinglosses,includingthoseduetomortality,reducedyield,condemnationofmeat,feedwastage,andcostofdrugs.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Bioticrelationshipsinparasitism.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Biosystematics/taxonomy.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bG0    Biocontrolandmanagementpracticesthatminimizerelianceonchemicals.*bGb݌p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Safechemicalmeansincludingsystemicsforcombatingparasites.*b6݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Effectivemeansofdiagnosingparasiticinfestation.*b݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Evaluationanddevelopmentofcontrolmethodsandequipment.*b݌ H (#(# Ќ  *b  *bo0    Studyofheritabletraits,breeding,andselectiontoimproveresistancetoparasites.*bo݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bQ0    Integratedcontrolsystems.*bQl݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA X 135)b+݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Insects,ticks,leeches,andmites.(UseRPA312)b"݌(#(# Ќ  RPA314.0  TOXICCHEMICALS,POISONOUSPLANTS,NATURALLYOCCURRINGTOXINS, h ANDOTHERHAZARDSAFFECTINGANIMALS H(#(# Researchinthisareafocusesonreductionoflossesinproductivityinlivestock,poultry,andfishoperationsduetotoxicchemicals,pesticides,poisonousplants,predators,ingestionofmetalandotherforeignbodies,andotherhazards.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Determiningthespecificsitesandmechanismsofpoisoning,bloat,andotherdisordersto ` learnthebasesofthesephenomena.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Toxicologyandsafelevelsofresiduesofpesticidesandotherchemicals,naturalorsynthetic,   useddirectlyonoringestedbylivestockandpoultry.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Methodsofreducingingestionofpesticidesorotherchemicalsinoronanimalfeeds.*b݌p!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Reasonsforinterspeciesdifferencesindetoxificationmechanismsandsensitivitytopoisoning H"# bypesticidesandotherchemicals.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developinganimalmanagementpracticesthatminimizeuseofpesticidesandotherchemicals #H% thatleavetoxicresiduesorthatreducethelevelofresidues.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Preventionoralleviationof"hardwaredisease,"andeffectsofplantsthatcausebloat, % ' poisoning,ordeformitiesoflivestock.*b %݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b"0    Developingmethodsforcombatingnuclearradiationhazardstolivestock.*b"=݌X'")(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Methodsforreducinganimallossesfrompredators.*b݌0(#*(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Breedingandselectionoffeedcropsforreducedcontentoftoxiccomponents.(UseRPA203)b݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Pesticidesandothertoxicsubstancesappliedtooringestedbylivestockandpoultrywhenthe h,'/ emphasisisclearlyonreductionofthetoxiccontentoffoodsconsumedbyhumans.(UseRPA711)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Disordersresultingfrompollution.(UseRPA133)b %݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA 8 135)b݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA315.0  ANIMALWELFARE/WELLBEINGANDPROTECTION  (#(# Theproperstewardshipandcareoffoodanimalsrequiresresearchtounderstandthehusbandryneedsofeachanimalspeciesinavarietyofmanagementsystemsandphysicalaccommodations.Scientificknowledge,professionaljudgment,andhumaneconcernsareessentialtodevelopingeffectiveanimalcareanduseprograms,andresearchrelatedtoandcontributingtothewelfare/wellbeingoffoodanimalsencompassesmanybroadareasofscientificstudy.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Fundamentalstudiesrelatedtotheassessmentofanimalwellbeing,includingmeasuresof 8  adaptationandadaptiveness,measuresofsocialbehaviorandspacing,physiologicalmeasures,andmeasuresofcognitionandmotivation.*b5݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Management/confinementproductionsystemsrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bn0    Controlledenvironmentsandenvironmentalfactors,includingtemperature,relativehumidity,  ventilation,lighting,andsoundrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*bn݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Housingandequipmentdesign;pen/cagedesignanddensities;feeding,watering,and H beddingpracticesrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Handling,restraint,transport,andhusbandrypractices,suchascastration,taildocking, H debeaking,andothersrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Humaneslaughter,euthanasia,andanalgesiarelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Behaviorpatternsrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Diseasepreventiontechniquesandpractices,includingmanagementpractices,disease X detectionandsurveillance,assessingdiseaserisks,vaccinedevelopment,parasitecontrol,andothersspecificallyrelatedtoanimalwelfare/wellbeing.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b70    Etiologyofdisease,diseaseagents,internalandexternalparasites,andtoxichazards.(Use h!" RPAs311314)b7R݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b:0    Geneticsofdiseaseresistance.(UseRPA303or304)b:U݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Productionmanagementsystemsasrelatedtoproductionefficiencyandeconomicviability. #@% (UseRPA307)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Nonfarmraisedfish,shellfish,gameandfurbearinganimals,andotherwildlife.(UseRPA % ' 135)b݌ (#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAIV.0 " ENGINEERINGANDSUPPORTSYSTEMS ((x#*" (#" (#  RPA401.0  STRUCTURES,FACILITIES,ANDGENERALPURPOSEFARMSUPPLIES )0%,(#(# Researchonthedesign,construction,andcostoffacilitiesforanimals,agriculturalproducts, +&. agriculturalinputs,equipment,andothermaterialsisincluded.Thepropertiesandbehavioroftheaboveanimals,products,equipment,andmaterialswhileinvariousfacilitiesandduringtransportorprocessingisapartofthisresearch.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b^0    Engineeringaspectsofdesignandconstructionofstructuresandfacilities.*b^y݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b60    Physical,chemical,andbiologicalaspectsoftheproductionoffertilizers,pesticides,feeds,   andhormones.*b6Q݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b;0    Engineeringaspectsofmaterialshandling,transport,landuse,andstorageofcrop,forest, H   andrangeproducts.*b;V݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bD0    Studiesonbiological,chemical,andphysicalpropertiesofmaterials.*bD_݌ H (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Behaviorofchemicalandbiologicalmaterialsinstoragesystems.*b1݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Determiningcostsandbenefitsofconstructionorengineeredsystems.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Determiningmaintenanceneedsandcostsofagriculturalsystems.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Facilitiesforhandling,processing,andstoringnewfoodandfiberproducts,animalfeeds, X  forage,andbedding.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Structuresandfacilitiesforhousingandhandlinganimals.*b݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *bO0    Facilitiesforhandlingandstoringfuel,fertilizers,pesticides,andotherfarmsupplies.*bOj݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *b60    Environmentalcontrolofstructuresforanimals,plants,oragriculturalproducts.*b6Q݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b+0    Safehandlinganduseofmaterialsandequipment.(UseRPA723)b+F݌h(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Facilitiesthatreduceenvironmentalstressinanimals.(UseRPA306)b݌@(#(# Ќ  RPA402.0  ENGINEERINGSYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENT (#(# Researchonmechanizationtoincreaseefficiencyanddecreaselaborrequirementsinagriculturalandforestryproductionsuchas:grain,fruitandvegetablecrops,timber,livestock,poultry,fish,andotheranimalsisincluded.Machineryandpowerunitsforthepreandpostharvestofvariousanimalandplantproductsareincludedinthisresearch.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Tillage,planting,chemicalapplication,andharvestingsystemsforagriculturalandrange @"# systems.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Harvestingsystemsforforestry,includingroads,transportation,andaccessforinwoods #@% processing.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Systemsforestablishmentandregenerationofcrop,forest,andrangesystems.*b݌% '(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Handlingmethodsforanimalsandanimalproducts.*b݌x&!((#(# Ќ  *b  *bG0    Designandevaluationofequipmentusedinproductionofagricultural,forest,andrange P'") systems.*bGb݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bA0    Applicationofsensorsandrobotics.*bA\݌)P$+(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Applicationofpesticidesandcropnutrients.*b ݌)(%,(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon: `,'/ b  b0    Structuresandfacilities.(UseRPA401)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Irrigationanddrainagesystems.(UseRPA405)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bC0    Safetyofhumans.(UseRPA723)bC^݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Equipmentthatreducesenvironmentalstressinanimals.(UseRPA306)b ݌8(#(# Ќ  RPA403.0  WASTEDISPOSAL,RECYCLING,ANDREUSE 8(#(# Researchinthisareaincludesallaspectsofcollecting,storing,transporting,treating,recycling,andutilizingwasteproductsfromagriculture,forestry,andotherorigins.Thedevelopmentofvalueaddedoralternativeproductsfromwasteproductsisincluded.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b]0    Methodsofcollecting,storing,moving,treating,anddisposingofanimal,plant,food   processing,municipal,andindustrialwastes.*b]x݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *by0    Developmentofproductsfromwastematerials,includingbiofuels.*by݌` (#(# Ќ  *b  *bF0    Engineeringandanalysisofprojectedandexistingwastedisposalsystems& {%%% {Ԁandpesticide 8  containers.#% {%%& {#*bFa݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Recyclingpreandpostconsumerwastes.*b݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *b?0    Improvedmethodsformitigatingenvironmentalimpactsoflandapplicationofagricultural,  forestry,municipal,andindustrialwastes.*b?Z݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bu0    Pollutionpreventionandmitigation.(UseRPA133)bu݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b30    Firstuseofunderutilizedcoproducts.(UseRPA502or511)b3N݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA404.0  INSTRUMENTATIONANDCONTROLSYSTEMS (#(# Instrumentationandinformationsystemsareimportantelementsinallaspectsofpreandpostproductionagriculture.Sensorsfordetectingandmonitoringandprocessingofthecollecteddatacanprovideimprovedcontroloftheproductionandprocessingofbiologicalandnonbiologicalmaterials.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Developmentofinstruments,researchtechnologies,andproceduresthatenhanceagricultural  #p$ efforts.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Determiningaccurateandprecisestandardsofmeasurement.*b  ݌$ &(#(# Ќ  *b  *b| 0    Developmentofsensors,imageprocessingtechniques,automation,decisionsupportsystems, % ' controls,andmodels.*b|  ݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b 0    Experimentaldesignandstatistics.(UseRPA901)b  ݌)0%,(#(# Ќ  RPA405.0  DRAINAGEANDIRRIGATIONSYSTEMSANDFACILITIES +&.(#(# ЇWatermanagement,toincludesurfaceandsubsurfacedrainageandallirrigationsystems,ispartofthisresearch.Equipment,systemdesign,theory,modeling,installation,operation,andmaintenanceofdrainageandirrigationsystemsformoreefficientuseofland,water,andcapitalresourcesareincluded.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b,0    Theoryofwaterflowformoreefficientwatermanagementsystemdesign.b,G݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodsofautomatingwatermanagementsystemstoreducelaborandincreaseefficiency.b݌p (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Newconceptsandimproveddesignofdrainagesystemsformoreefficientproductionand H   environmentalimprovement.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Newmaterials,systems,equipment,andinstallationtechniquestoreduceconstructionand  H  maintenancecostsofdrainageandirrigationsystems.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Useofsolarenergyandairturbulencetospeeddryingofpoorlydrainedsoils.b-݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Methodsforcombiningirrigation,drainage,andtailwaterreturnflowsystemstoincrease   efficiencyofwaterandsystemuse.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Improveddesignofwatermanagementsystemstoreduceplanningandconstructioncosts 0  andassurepublicsafety.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Methodsfordeterminingirrigationwaterrequirementsgivingconsiderationtowateruseby 0 plants,effectiverainfall,andwaterlossesduringandfollowingapplication.b $݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bJ0    Equipmentforuniformdistributionofirrigationwaterwithparticularemphasesonoverhead  andsubsurfacesystems.bJe݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bU0    Improvedtechnologytomeasureandcontrollossesofagrichemicalsfromirrigatedlands.*bUp݌@(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bS0    Drainagerelatedtocontrollingsalinity.(UseRPA103)bSn݌(#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAV.0 " FOODANDNONFOODPRODUCTS:DEVELOPMENT,PROCESSING, P QUALITY,ANDDELIVERY 0" (#" (#  FOOD  8  RPA501.0  NEWANDIMPROVEDFOODPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGIES  !(#(# Developmentorimprovementofmethods,techniques,orprocessestomaintainorimprovequalityorfunctionality,stabilizeorpreservefoods,orpreparefoodsforfurtherprocessingmayyieldnewprocessingtechnologiesandequipmentaswellasimprovedandnewfoodproducts.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Foodphysicalprocesses(i.e.,thermalandnonthermalpasteurization/preservation,size h'") reduction,separation,concentration).*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Foodbioprocesses(i.e.,enzymeandmicrobialapplications,geneticengineeringoffoodsand )h$+ foodingredients).*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Foodchemicalprocesses(i.e.,salt,sugar,acid,preservatives,antioxidants).*b݌*&-(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Foodprocessingefficiencies(i.e.,managementofenergy,water,wastes).*b݌+&.(#(# Ќ  *b  *bV0    Improvedornewfoodpackagingtechnologies.*bVq݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Foodprocessmodeling,automation,andsensors.*b ) ݌(#(# Ќ  RPA502.0  NEWANDIMPROVEDFOODPRODUCTS 8(#(# Improvementordevelopmentofnewfoodproductsrequiresknowledgeofthefactorsthatinfluencequalityandfunctionalityandhowtheyinteractincomplexfoodsystems.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b"0    Chemicalandbiochemicalreactionsinfoods.*b""݌( x (#(# Ќ  *b  *b"0    Measuring/characterizingfoodcomponentsandfunctions.*b""݌P (#(# Ќ  *b  *b{#0    Identifying,characterizing,andmeasuringchemical,physical,andsensorypropertiesoffoods.*b{##݌( (#(# Ќ  *b  *bf$0    Determiningrelationshipsamongthechemistry,structure,andqualityparametersoffood   componentsandtheirfunctionalityandendusepropertiesinfoods.*bf$$݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b%0    Designingandformulatingfoodsforimprovedhumannutritionorforenhancementofhuman `  health(i.e.,nutraceuticals,functionalfoods).*b%%݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b&0    Qualityandsafetyparametersaffectingdevelopmentofnewandimprovedfoodproducts.*b&&݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *b'0    Developingnewfoodproductsfromprocessstreamcoproducts.*b''݌8(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b~(0    Livefoodplantsandanimalstoimprovefoodqualityorfunctionality(i.e.,breeding,feeding, H cultural,orproductionmanagementpractices).(UseRPA204or308)b~((݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b)0    Developmentofforeignmarkets.(UseRPA606)b))݌H(#(# Ќ  b  br*0    Qualitymaintenanceduringstoringandmarketingoffoodproducts.(UseRPA503)br**݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bN+0    Utilizationoffoodprocessingwastes.(UseRPA403)bN+i+݌(#(# Ќ  b  b,0    Nutrientcompositionoffoods.(UseRPA701)b,),݌(#(# Ќ  RPA503.0  QUALITYMAINTENANCEINSTORINGANDMARKETINGFOODPRODUCTS 0(#(# Understandingandminimizingfoodqualitylossesduringstorage,distribution,andmarketingcanenhancethequantityandqualityoffoodsdeliveredtoconsumers,keepfoodcostslow,andenhanceprofitabilityforfoodproducersandmarketers.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *be.0    Chemicalandbiochemicalchangesafterharvest/slaughterorduringstorage.*be..݌#H%(#(# Ќ  *b  *bN݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b-O0    Effectsandmeansofcontrollingtemperature,humidity,andatmosphereinstorageand   transportation.*b-OHO݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b*P0    Containerization/packagingorstorageandhandlingmethodstomaintainoptimumconditions  forqualitymaintenance.*b*PEP݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b4Q0    Relationshipamongvariablesofhandlingandstorageandlossinquality.*b4QOQ݌0(#(# Ќ  *b  *b R0    Seedprocessingtechnology,includingseedseparation,cleaning,storage,andtreatment.*b R$R݌X(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bS0    Qualitymaintenanceoffoodproducts.(UseRPA503)bSS݌h!"(#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAVI.0 " 0@" ` (#` (#ECONOMICS,MARKETS,ANDPOLICY #h$" (#" (#  RPA601.0  ECONOMICSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONANDFARMMANAGEMENT $ &(#(# Researchinproductioneconomicsconcernschoicesfarmersandranchersmaketoproducecommodities,services,andproducts.Managementeconomicsresearchfocusesonresourceendowmentsandallocationsatthefarmorranchlevel.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bU0    Farmproductioneconomics.bUU݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  bgV0    Farmmanagement.bgVV݌(#(# Ќ  b  bW0    Farmandfirmgrowth,includingeconomiesofsizeandscale.bWW݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bW0    Productionandmanagementstudiesnotrelatedtoeconomics.(UseappropriateRPA)bWW݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bX0    Realestate,andlandvaluesandprices.(UseRPA602)bXX݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bY0    Farmfinancialmanagement.(UseRPA602)bYY݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b5Z0    Economicsofenvironmentalriskandimpacts.(UseRPA605)b5ZPZ݌p (#(# Ќ  RPA602.0  BUSINESSMANAGEMENT,FINANCE,TAXATION,ANDESTATEPLANNING  p (#(# Thisresearchfocusesonthemanagementandadministrativetechniquesappliedtofarming,agriculturalbusiness,andotherbusinessesandenterprisestoenhanceplanning,decisionmaking,andresourceuse.Itincludeseconomicanalysisontaxationandfinancialtopics.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b\0    Businessadministration.b\\݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bW]0    Managerialeconomics.bW]r]݌(#(# Ќ  b  b]0    Decisionanalysis,includingexpertsystems.b]^݌(#(# Ќ  b  b^0    Riskmanagement.b^^݌p(#(# Ќ  b  bL_0    Insurance.bL_g_݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b_0    Humanresourcemanagement.b__݌ p(#(# Ќ  b  b`0    Economicsoffinancialmarkets,financialmanagement,andlendinginstitutions.b``݌H(#(# Ќ  b  bda0    Realestatevaluesandprices.bdaa݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bb0    Taxation.bb)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bb0    Estateplanningandintergenerationaltransfer.bbb݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  buc0    Economicsofproduction.(UseRPA601)bucc݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b(d0    Marketsandmarketing.(UseRPA603or604)b(dCd݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bd0    Policy.(UseRPA610or611)bdd݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  be0    Personalandfamilyfinance.(UseRPA801)bee݌h!"(#(# Ќ  RPA603.0  MARKETECONOMICS #h$(#(# ThisRPAfocusesoneconomicresearchthatfostersunderstandingofmarkets,productivity,andinterregionaltrade,andgivesinsighttotheroleandfunctionofmarketsandtheirregulationprimarilyfromthemacroeconomic(industry)perspective.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bg0    Marketperformance.bgg݌)0%,(#(# Ќ  b  bSh0    Productivityanalysis.bShnh݌*&-(#(# Ќ  b  bh0    Economicsofprocessing,storage,andtransportation.bhi݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  bi0    Economicsofregulationandprotectionofmarkets,includingfirmandprocessorlevel h,'/ impacts.bii݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bj0    Local,regional,andnationaltradepatterns.bjj݌(#(# Ќ  b  bfk0    Economicsofmarketingandpricingsystems,andinstitutions.bfkk݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b/l0    Regulationofmarkets.b/lJl݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bl0    Economicsofsupplyanddemand.bll݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b|m0    Economicsofgradesandstandards.b|mm݌8(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bAn0    Internationaltradeanddevelopment,includingforeignmarketdevelopment.(UseRPA606)bAn\n݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b&o0    Economicsoffoodassistance,welfare,andpoverty.(UseRPA607)b&oAo݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bo0    Economicsofconsumerlevelfoodandproductionregulationandprotection.(UseRPA607)bop݌ H (#(# Ќ  b  bp0    Regionaleconomics,excepttradepatterns.(UseRPA608)bpp݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bq0    Policy.(UseRPA610or611)bqq݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA604.0  MARKETINGANDDISTRIBUTIONPRACTICES X (#(# Thisresearchandanalysisconcernsthedistributionofproducts,goods,andservices,thepracticesofbuyingandselling,andthedevelopmentandimprovementofmarketsprimarilyfromthemicroeconomic(firm)perspective.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bs0    Economicstudiestodetermineandmeasurequalitycharacteristicsdesiredbyprocessors.bss݌ p(#(# Ќ  b  bt0    Effectivenessofgroupaction.btt݌H(#(# Ќ  b  bDu0    Institutionaldevicesforbargainingandnegotiation.bDu_u݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bv0    Effectivenessofmarketingstructures,includingcooperatives.bv v݌(#(# Ќ  b  bv0    Improvementsinthemarketinganddistributionofproducts,goods,andservices.bvv݌(#(# Ќ  b  bw0    Marketingorders.bww݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bHx0    Futuresandoptionsmarkets,cashandforwardcontracts,andothermarketingandpricing 0 arrangements.bHxcx݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bFy0    Developmentofdomesticmarkets.bFyay݌0(#(# Ќ  b  by0    Directmarketing,alternativemarkets,andnichemarketing.by z݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bz0    Economicsofmarkets.(UseRPA603)bzz݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  b{0    Economicsofsupplyanddemand.(UseRPA603)b{{݌#@%(#(# Ќ  b  b8|0    Economicsofpricingsystems.(UseRPA603)b8|S|݌$ &(#(# Ќ  b  b|0    Commodityanalysisandprojections.(UseRPA603)b| }݌% '(#(# Ќ  b  b}0    Foreignmarketdevelopment.(UseRPA606or611)b}}݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  bh~0    Policy.(UseRPA610or611)bh~~݌P'")(#(# Ќ  RPA605.0  NATURALRESOURCEANDENVIRONMENTALECONOMICS )P$+(#(# Thisresearchiseconomicinquirytoenhance,guide,andunderstandeffortstoimprovetherelationshipsamongagriculturalproductionandprocessing,theenvironment,andnaturalresourceuse. h,'/ ЇAreasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedtotheeconomicsof:b  b0    Waterresources.b݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b.0    Forestry.b.I݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bÁ0    Recreationandleisure.bÁށ݌`(#(# Ќ  b  bf0    Landresources,use,andmanagement.bf݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Wildlifeandfisheries.b1݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Agrochemicalmanagement.bԃ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b]0    Wastemanagement,includinganimalwastes.b]x݌p (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Mineralresourcesandenergy.b.݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Environment.bׅ݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bT0    Weatherandclimatechange.bTo݌ H (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Financialaspectsofrealestate.(UseRPA602)b-݌X (#(# Ќ  b  b͇0    Landuseplanningorzoning.(UseRPA608)b͇݌0 (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Policy.(UseRPA610or611)b݌X(#(# Ќ  RPA606.0  INTERNATIONALTRADEANDDEVELOPMENTECONOMICS (#(# Thisresearchfocusesontheeconomiccomponentsofinternationaltradeanddevelopment,tradeperformanceofsectorsoftheU.S.economyandthatofothercountries,andtradeanddevelopmentimpacts.Thisresearchmayassistpolicymakersinthedecisionmakingprocessasitappliestointernationaltradeanddevelopment.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b 0    Economicsofinternationaltradeanddevelopmentprograms.b (݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bӋ0    Globalandinternationalcommodityanalysisandprojections.bӋ݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Country,regional,andsectoranalysis.b݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bN0    Economicgrowthanddevelopment.bNi݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Foreignmarketdevelopment.b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Domesticcommodityanalysisandprojections.(UseRPA603)bӎ݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  b~0    U.S.economicgrowthanddevelopment,includingcommunitydevelopment.(UseRPA608)b~݌#@%(#(# Ќ  b  b^0    Policy.(UseRPA610or611)b^y݌$ &(#(# Ќ  RPA607.0  CONSUMERECONOMICS x&!((#(# Thisareafocusesoneconomicresearchthatprovidesinsightandunderstandingofthedemands,preferences,behavioralresponses,andneedsofindividualsandconsumers.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b10    Consumerdemand.b1L݌h,'/(#(# Ќ  b  b͒0    Consumerlevelfoodandproductionregulationandprotection,andfoodsafety.b͒݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Poverty,welfare,andassistance,includingfoodassistance.b“݌(#(# Ќ  b  bo0    Consumerresponsetobiotechnology,organicproducts,labeling,etc.bo݌`(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bV0    Economicsofproductiontechnologies.(UseRPA601)bVq݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Financeandestateplanning.(UseRPA602)b0݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b˖0    Dietaryandnutritionalaspectsoffoodchoices.(UseRPA703)b˖݌p (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Humanresourceeconomics.(UseRPA602)b݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  bH0    Economicsoffarm,firm,andprocessorlevelimpactsoffoodandproductionregulationand  p  protection.(UseRPA603)bHc݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bT0    Economicsofproductqualitycharacteristicsdesiredbyconsumers.(UseRPA604)bTo݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b00    Policy.(UseRPA610)b0K݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bњ0    Familyeconomics.(UseRPA801)bњ݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA608.0  COMMUNITYRESOURCEANDDEVELOPMENTECONOMICS 0 (#(# Economicresearchprovidesinsightandunderstanding,andfacilitatestheanalysisof,communityneedsandpreferences.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b0    Economicplanning,development,andindustrialization.b݌ p(#(# Ќ  b  bQ0    Regionaleconomicsandsectoranalysis.bQl݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Landuseplanningandzoning.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Entrepreneurship.bȞ݌(#(# Ќ  b  bJ0    Publicadministration.bJe݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Naturalresourceandenvironmentalissues.(UseRPA605)b݌0(#(# Ќ  b  bȠ0    Povertyandwelfareprograms,includingfoodassistance.(UseRPA607or703)bȠ݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Consumerissues.(UseRPA607)b݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  bK0    Policy.(UseRPA610)bKf݌h!"(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Familyissues.(UseRPA801)b݌@"#(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Publicservices.(UseRPA805)b݌#h$(#(# Ќ  RPA609.0  ECONOMICTHEORYANDMETHODS $ &(#(# Workinthisareaislimitedtoeconomictheoryandmethodology.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b 0    Microeconomics.b $݌)0%,(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Macroeconomics.b݌*&-(#(# Ќ  b  b?0    Propertyrights,includingintellectualpropertyrights.b?Z݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Publicchoice.b݌h,'/(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Laboreconomics.b݌(#(# Ќ  b  b90    Welfareeconomics.b9T݌(#(# Ќ  b  bר0    Locationanddecisiontheory.bר݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Econometricsandsimulation.b݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b(0    Mathematicsandstatisticsforeconomicresearch.b(C݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Datacollectionandresearchmethodologyforeconomicresearch.b݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Economichistoryandphilosophy.b˫݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bs0    Appliedeconomics.(UseRPAs601608)bs݌ p (#(# Ќ  RPA610.0  DOMESTICPOLICYANALYSIS  (#(# Researchinthisareaevaluatestheeffectivenessandeconomicandsocialimpactsofdomesticprogramsandpolicies.AlsoincludedisresearchtodeterminewaysinwhichgovernmentactionsimpacttheU.S.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  by0    Agriculturalproduction,price,andincomepolicy,includingcommodityprograms.by݌(#(# Ќ  b  bU0    Naturalresourcepolicy.bUp݌p(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Antitrustandmarketpolicy.b݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Ruraldevelopmentpolicy.b݌ p(#(# Ќ  b  bF0    Science,research,andeducationpolicy.bFa݌H(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Consumerpolicy.b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Impactsandimplicationsofmacroeconomicpolicies.b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bU0    Publicpolicyeducation,includingmethodologybUp݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Evaluationofpolicyeffectiveness,impacts,andoutcomes.b*݌X(#(# Ќ  b  bմ0    Riskassessment.bմ݌0(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Riskmanagement.(UseRPA602)b݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  b20    Taxation.(UseRPA602)b2M݌h!"(#(# Ќ  b  bֶ0    Conflictresolution.(UseRPA803)bֶ݌@"#(#(# Ќ  RPA611.0  FOREIGNPOLICYANDPROGRAMS #@%(#(# ResearchinthisareaisdesignedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessandimpactsofU.S.foreignpolicyandprogramsandtodeterminewaystomeetthenationsgoalsintheseareas.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b¸0    Tradepolicy.b¸ݸ݌)0%,(#(# Ќ  b  b[0    Effectsofpolicyonforeignmarketdevelopment.b[v݌*&-(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Foreignassistancepolicy,projects,andimpacts.b2݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  bԺ0    Interactionsbetweenforeignanddomesticpoliciesandglobalimplications.bԺ݌h,'/(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b»0    Internationaltradeanddevelopment.(UseRPA606)b»ݻ݌8(#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAVII.0 " HUMANNUTRITION,FOODSAFETY,ANDHUMANHEALTHANDWELL 8 BEING  " (#" (#  HUMANNUTRITION     RPA701.0  NUTRIENTCOMPOSITIONOFFOOD 8  (#(# Thisresearchisconcernedwithfoodcomposition,includingdeterminationofquantityofnutrientsandotherfoodcomponentsinfood;developmentofanalyticalmethods;developmentandmaintenanceofdatabanksofinformationonfoodcomposition;anddevelopmentofsoftwareandothersystemstofacilitateuseofdataonfoodcomposition.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Compositionoffood,includingnutrientsandotherfoodcomponents.*b8݌((#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Databankdevelopmentandutilizationsystems.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Analyticalmethods.*b݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b]0    Developingfoodsforimprovedhealth.(UseRPA502)b]x݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Productionofimprovedfoodplantsandanimals.(UseRPA204or308)b7݌(#(# Ќ  RPA702.0  REQUIREMENTSANDFUNCTIONOFNUTRIENTSANDOTHERFOOD p COMPONENTS P(#(# Humannutritionresearchprovidesfundamentalknowledgeaboutrelationshipsoffoodeatenbypeopletotheirphysicalandmentalstatusanddevelopmentandtothemaintenanceofoptimalhealth.Thisresearchareaisconcernedwithdefiningnutrientrequirementsandtheirfunctionsthroughoutthelifespan.Functionsincludecellularandmolecularregulationofgeneexpressionbyspecificnutrients.Researchisalsoconcernedwithdevelopmentofmethodstoquantifyrelationshipsofnutritionalstatustowell-beingtoprovideascientificbasisforestablishingDietaryReferenceIntakes.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Relationshipofnutrientsandothercomponentsoffood(suchasphytochemicals)tohealth, x'") intellectualdevelopment,performance,andlongevity.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b*0    Requirementsforenergy,fat,protein,aminoacids,fattyacids,minerals,andvitaminsrelated ()x$+ toage,sex,activity,andphysiologicalandenvironmentalconditions.*b*E݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bi0    Interrelationshipsamongnutrientsandnon-nutrientcomponentsoffoodastheyaffect *(&- absorption,metabolism,growth,andmaintenancerequirements.*bi݌+'.(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Molecularfunctionsofnutrients.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bK0    Biochemicalmethodsofevaluatingnutritionalstatus.*bKf݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b$0    Developingfoodsforimprovedhealth.(UseRPA502)b$?݌8(#(# Ќ  RPA703.0  NUTRITIONEDUCATION  (#(# Thisresearchisconcernedwithassessmentofdietarystatus,factorsthatinfluenceit,anddevelopmentofguidanceandmethodsforimprovingit.Researchencompassesfoodconsumptionpatternsofthepopulation,especiallythoseathighrisk,andfactorsthatpromoteorhinderhealthfulfoodchoicesandrelatedconsumerbehavior.Researchisalsoconcernedwithdevelopmentofatheoreticalbaseforbehaviorrelatedtodietanddietarychangeandwithdevelopmentandassessmentofstrategies,programs,andpoliciestoimprovediets.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Foodconsumption,use,patterns,andmethods.*b݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *b90    Nutritionmonitoringandsurveillance.*b9T݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Factorsthatinfluencefoodconsumption.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Dietarystatusassessments,e.g.,comparisonstostandards.*b݌p(#(# Ќ  *b  *bf0    Developmentofstandardsandguidancetomeetnutritionalneedsofthegeneralpopulation H andpopulationsubgroupswithspecialneeds.*bf݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developmentandevaluationofeducation,communication,andfoodassistancestrategies, H programs,andpoliciesthataffectdietarystatus.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Consumereconomics,includingfoodassistance.(UseRPA607)b݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Communityresourcemanagement.(UseRPA608)b݌X(#(# Ќ  b  b>0    Generaleducationandinformationdelivery.(UseRPA903)b>Y݌0(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Familyresourcemanagement.(UseRPA801)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Homeandcommercialfoodservice.(UseRPA504)b݌ !(#(# Ќ  FOODSAFETY  @"#  RPA711.0  ENSUREFOODPRODUCTSFREEOFHARMFULCHEMICALS,INCLUDING #H% RESIDUESFROMAGRICULTURALANDOTHERSOURCES $( &(#(# Researchontoxicresiduesofagriculturaloriginisconductedtodeterminethelevelsandcircumstancesunderwhichchemicalsmaybesafelyusedinproductionofplantandanimalfoodproducts.Thereiswidespreadpublicconcernastothenatureandseriousnessofthehazardscausedbytheuseofchemicalsintheproductionoffarmproducts.ThefocusofresearchunderthisRPAisonhumanhealth.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto: +&. Ї*b  *b)0    Safeoracceptablelevelsofresiduesandenvironmentalcontaminantsonorinfarmproducts  forhumanconsumption.*b)D݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b30    Behaviorandfateofpesticides,antibiotics,hormones,andotherappliedchemicalsand ` environmentalcontaminants,onorinfoodplantsandanimalsandtheirproducts.*b3N݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bs0    Methodstoremoveormitigatetheeffectsofharmfulchemicalstohumanhealth.*bs݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *bN0    Rapid,accuratemethodsformonitoringpesticideresidue,antibiotic,andenvironmental 8 contaminantlevelsonorinfoodplantsandanimalsandtheirproducts.*bNi݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Assessingrisktohumanhealthfromharmfulchemicalsinfoodplantsandanimalsandtheir   products.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Determiningconsumerattitudesanddevelopingtechniquestocommunicaterelativerisksof H   harmfulchemicalsinfoodplantsandanimalsandtheirproducts.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Studiesfocusingonfoodplantoranimalproductivityoreconomics,animalhealth,orfatesand   effectsofchemicalsontheenvironment.(UseappropriateRPAunderPLANTSANDTHEIRSYSTEMSorANIMALSANDTHEIRSYSTEMS)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b<0    Economicsoffoodsafety.(UseRPA603,604,or607)b<W݌X(#(# Ќ  RPA712.0  PROTECTFOODFROMCONTAMINATIONBYPATHOGENICMICROORGANISMS,  PARASITES,ANDNATURALLYOCCURRINGTOXINS (#(# Researchincludesstudiesonpathogenicfoodbornemicroorganismsandparasitesinraw,minimallyprocessed,orinadequatelyprocessedandpreservedfoods.Researchonmycotoxinsandnaturalandinducedtoxicantsinfoodsincludingallergensandseafoodtoxinsisalsoincluded.ThefocusofresearchunderthisRPAisonhumanhealth.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:̀*b  *b<0    Productionoffoodanimalsandcropsfreeofmicroorganisms,parasites,ornaturaltoxins 8 harmfultohumans.*b<W݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b@0    Preventionoftransmissionofpathogenicmicroorganismsandparasitesfromhumancarriers 8 tolivestockandfoodsystems.*b@[݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bP0    Maintenanceofmicrobiologicalsafetyinhandling,processing,packaging,anddistributingfood  ! products.*bPk݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bQ0    Improvedmethodsoffoodhandling,processing,storage,andpreparationforgreater H"# microbiologicalsafety.*bQl݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bT0    Methodsforpreventingoreliminatingmycotoxinsinpeanutsandotherfieldcrops.*bTo݌#H%(#(# Ќ  *b  *b40    Methodsforpreventing,removing,orcontrollingnaturallyoccurringandinducedtoxinsand $ & allergensinagriculturalproducts.*b4O݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bK0    Assessingrisktohumanhealthfrompathogenicmicroorganismsandnaturaltoxinsinfood &!( animalsandcropsandtheirproducts.*bKf݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *ba0    Determiningconsumerattitudesanddevelopingtechniquestocommunicaterelativerisksof 0(#* pathogenicmicroorganismsandnaturaltoxins.*ba|݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Basicresearchongrowthandmechanismsofpathogenesisoffoodbornemicrobialpathogens.*b݌)0%,(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon: h,'/ b  b0    Studiesfocusingonanimalhealth.(UseRPA311or314)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bU0    Preventionoftransmissionofnonfoodborneparasitestohumansthroughfoodanimals.(Use  RPA722)bUp݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bR0    Controlofpestsinfoodplantsthatisnotfocusedonsafeguardinghumanhealth.(Use 8 appropriateRPAunderPLANTSANDTHEIRSYSTEMS)bRm݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bq0    Economicsoffoodsafety.(UseRPA603,604,or607)bq݌8(#(# Ќ  HUMANHEALTH     RPA721.0  INSECTSANDOTHERPESTSAFFECTINGHUMANS P  (#(# Researchincludesstudiesoninsects,ticks,mites,andotherpeststhatareanannoyancetohumans.Theemphasisisondevelopingsafe,effective,andeconomicalwaysofcontrollingthesepests.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Biologyofinsects,ticks,andmitesaffectinghumans,includingthoseimportantinfore!!s!!!nsic h studies.!!!n!!*b݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developingattractantsandrepellents.*b݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developingandimprovingmethodsofpestcontrol.*b݌(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bk0    Theroleofinsects,ticks,andmitesindiseasetransmission.(UseRPA722)bk݌P(#(# Ќ  b  bC0    Managementofinsectsaffectinglivestockandpets.(UseRPA312)bC^݌((#(# Ќ  b  b0    Managementofinsectsaffectingstoredfoodproducts.(UseRPA503)b+݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Managementofinsectsaffectingwoodproducts.(UseRPA512)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Apparelandtextilestoprotectagainstinsects.(UseRPA804)b݌`(#(# Ќ  RPA722.0  ZOONOTICDISEASESANDPARASITESAFFECTINGHUMANS `(#(# Researchinthisareaconcernsanimaldiseasesandparasitessuchasanthrax,encephalitis,leptospirosis,andrabiesthatposepotentialthreatstohumanhealth.Researchincludesstudiesonepidemiology,riskassessment,andevaluationofefficacyofcontrolprogramsfordiseasevectors.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:!!*b  *b@0    !Und!!!rs!!!erstan!!!gin!!!dingmechanismsinvo!!!vl!!!lvedintransmissionofdiseasestohumans,includetherole %!' ofinsects,ticks,andmites.!*b@[݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developingcontrolprogramstoreduceanimalreservoirsofzoonoticagents.*b݌`'")(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Developingmeansofpreventingtransmissionofzoonoticdiseasesandparasitesfromanimals 8(#* tohumans.*b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon: +&. b  b0    Animaldiseasesandparasiteswheretheconcernistheprotectionoftheanimalitself.(Use  RPA311,312,or313)b݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b0    Transmissionofparasitesandpathogenicmicroorganismsinanimalfoodproductsconsumed ` byhumans.(UseRPA712)b݌ (#(# Ќ  RPA723.0  HAZARDSTOHUMANHEALTHANDSAFETY 8(#(# Researchinthisareaisconcernedwithreducinghazardstothehealthandsafetyofpeopleinvolvedintheproduction,processing,anddistributionofagriculturalandforestproducts.Researchincludessafetyaspectsofagriculturalinjuriesandillnessesandmethodsforeffectiveintervention.& {%%% {ԀTheemphasisofthisresearchisonimmediatehazardstohumans.#% {%%& {W# ( x  Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b#0    Developingworkersafetyproceduresforpeoplehandlingagriculturalproducts,supplies,and   livestock.*b#>݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b"0    Developingmethodsforsafehandlingofagriculturalchemicals,fuels,andotherproducts.*b"=݌8 (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    & {%%% {Determininghealthimpactofpesticidesonfarmworkers.#% {%%& {Q#*b#݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Determiningneedforanddevelopingprotectivedevicesandproceduresforsafeusageand 8 transportationoffarmandforestmachineryandequipment.*b*݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b:0    Determiningnature,frequency,andcausesofagriculturalinjuryandoccupationalillness.*b:U݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    Developingmethodstoreducefirerisksandimprovefirecontrolmeasuresforstorage p facilities,barns,andotherfarmstructuresorequipment.*b ; ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bH 0    Characterizing,measuring,ormitigatingpotentiallyharmfulcompoundsderivedfrom  p agriculturalproductssuchastobaccothathavepharmacologicactions.*bH c ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bz 0    & {%%% {Protectionofhumansagainstnonfoodallergensandtoxins,andpoisonousplants.#% {%%& { #*bz  ݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b 0    & {%%% {Mitigationofpollutantssuchaspesticides,radionuclides,heavymetals,excessfertilizer  chemicals,growthregulatingchemicals,airborneparticulates,dust,ozone,odors,volatilecompounds,combustionproducts,andsmog.#% {%%& { #*b  ݌X(#(# Ќ  *b  *b]0    Measuringandmitigatingexposuretonoise,vibration,sun,ergonomic,andotheroccupational 0 hazardsinagriculture.*b]x݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bj0    & {%%% {Equipmentandtechniquesforfirefightersafetyandsurvival.#% {%%& {#*bj݌0(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    & {%%% {Agriculturalandforestrypracticestoachievesafelevelsofpollutants.(UseRPA133)b݌@"#(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Disposalofpesticiderinsateandsurpluspesticides.(UseRPA403)#% {%%& {#b݌#h$(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Toxicresiduesonorinfoodproducts.(UseRPA711)b݌#@%(#(# Ќ  b  bA0    Pathogenicmicroorganismsandnaturallyoccurringtoxins,includingallergens,infood.(Use $ & RPA712)bA\݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b>0    Transmissionofparasitesand_Ԣzoonotic_Ԁdiseasestohumans.(UseRPA722)b>Y݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  b40    Developmentandevaluationoftextilesandtextileproductsfortheirprotectiveproperties.(Use P'") RPA804)b4O݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b60    Methodstoreducefirerisksandtoimprovefirecontrolmeasuresforrangeandforests.(Use )P$+ RPA122)b6Q݌ (#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAVIII.0 " FAMILYANDCOMMUNITYSYSTEMS +&." (#" (#  h,'/  RPA801.0  FAMILYRESOURCEMANAGEMENT (#(# Researchprovidesanunderstandingofhowindividualsandfamiliesobtainanduseresourcesoftime,money,andhumancapitaltoachievetheirstandardoflivingandoverallqualityoflife.Studiesareconcernedwithfactorsaffectingthedecisionmakingprocess,suchasavailabilityofresources,lifeevents,livingpatterns,values,goals,interests,andattitudesoffamilies,andexternalforcessuchaspublicissues,policies,andprograms.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b0    Resourcemanagement,includingtime,money,andhumancapital.*b ݌( x (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Interrelationshipsbetweensocietyandhouseholdstoimprovefamilywellbeing.*b݌P (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Improvementofbasicoccupationalskills.*b݌( (#(# Ќ  *b  *bK0    Familiesandwork/businessrelationships.*bKf݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b0    Workforcepreparation(includingschooltowork,welfaretowork,worktoworkretooling).*b݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b0    Consumereconomics.(UseRPA607)b݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b0    Communityeconomicdevelopment.(UseRPA608)b݌(#(# Ќ  b  bc0    Povertyandeconomicanalysisofwelfareprograms.(UseRPA607)bc~݌(#(# Ќ  b  b/ 0    Businessmanagementandbusinessestateplanning.(UseRPA602)b/ J ݌p(#(# Ќ  b  b 0    Dietarystatus.(UseRPA703)b !݌H(#(# Ќ  RPA802.0  HUMANDEVELOPMENTANDFAMILYWELLBEING H(#(# Researchinfamilyandhumandevelopmentprovidesanunderstandingofthesocial,cognitive,emotional,andphysicaldevelopmentofindividualsandfamiliesthroughoutthelifecycle.Researchalsoprovidesabetterunderstandingoffamilysystems,familyperformance,andwellbeing.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *bW#0    Human(child,adolescent,adult)developmentthroughoutthelifecycle.*bW#r#݌ !(#(# Ќ  *b  *b*$0    Parenting,parent-childrelationships,andgrandparents/relativesascaregivers.*b*$E$݌p!"(#(# Ќ  *b  *b %0    Childcareandafterschoolprograms.*b %$%݌H"#(#(# Ќ  *b  *b%0    Agingandintergenerationalissues,includingeldercare.*b%%݌ #p$(#(# Ќ  *b  *b&0    Assessmentofyouthandfamilyfocusedpreventionandinterventionprograms.*b&&݌#H%(#(# Ќ  *b  *bX'0    Familystrengths/resiliency.*bX's'݌$ &(#(# Ќ  *b  *b(0    Individualcommunicationandfamilyinteractions.*b((݌% '(#(# Ќ  *b  *b(0    Youthdevelopmentand4Hprograms.*b((݌&!((#(# Ќ  *b  *bl)0    Youthandfamilypolicy.*bl))݌X'")(#(# Ќ  *b  *b*0    Marriage/couplesrelationships.*b*+*݌0(#*(#(# Ќ  *b  *b*0    Rural,highrisk,fragile,ethnic,underservedindividualsandfamilies.*b**݌)X$+(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b+0    Familyeconomicsandresourcemanagement.(UseRPA801)b++݌h,'/(#(# Ќ  b  bk,0    Workforceissues.(UseRPA801)bk,,݌(#(# Ќ  b  b -0    Socialimpactsonfamilies.(UseRPA803)b -'-݌(#(# Ќ  RPA803.0  SOCIOLOGICALANDTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEAFFECTINGINDIVIDUALS, 8 FAMILIES,ANDCOMMUNITIES h(#(# Researchprovidesanunderstandingofthetechnological,demographic,andsocialchangesoccurringinsociety.Researchalsoprovidesanunderstandingofthecurrentandhistoricwaysinwhichindividuals,families,andcommunitiescopewithsociologicalandtechnologicalchange.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b/0    Compositionandtrendsinpopulation.*b//݌0 (#(# Ќ  *b  *bd00    Sociology/psychologyofthefarmfamilyandotheraspectsofrurallifeandlivingconditions.*bd00݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bN10    Socialaspectsofagrarianreform.*bN1i1݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b10    Migrationpatternsoffarmandruralpopulations.*b12݌h (#(# Ќ  *b  *b20    Migrantworkersandsocialissuesinlocalcommunities.*b22݌@ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b|30    Impactofculturaltrendsandtechnologyonsociety.*b|33݌h(#(# Ќ  *b  *b<40    Impactofracial,ethnic,andgenderissuesonsociety.*b<4W4݌@(#(# Ќ  *b  *b40    Socialandeducationalfactorsaffectingpoverty.*b45݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b50    Acceptanceofpestmanagementsystems.*b55݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *bn60    Socialimpactofenvironmentalchange.*bn66݌x(#(# Ќ  *b  *b 70    Conflictresolution.*b 7;7݌P(#(# Ќ  *b  *b70    Politicalmovements.*b77݌(x(#(# Ќ  *b  *b`80    Socialaspectsforplanninganddevelopmentofhealthycommunities.*b`8{8݌P(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bF90    Landuse.(UseRPA131)bF9a9݌`(#(# Ќ  b  b90    Communityservices.(UseRPA805)b9:݌8(#(# Ќ  b  b:0    Policyanalyses.(UseRPA610)b::݌`(#(# Ќ  RPA804.0  HUMANENVIRONMENTALISSUESCONCERNINGAPPAREL,TEXTILES,AND   RESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALSTRUCTURES  !(#(# Researchonsocial,aesthetic,andfunctionalaspectsofapparelandtextilesprovidesabetterunderstandingoftheinterfaceamongproducers,retailers,andconsumers.Thisresearchprovidesknowledgeabouttheproductsofagricultureusedinapparelandtextilesandonfactorsthataffectconsumerchoice.Housingandotherstructureshaveasignificantimpactonthequalityofliving.Researchisneededonsocial,economic,anddesignaspectsthatcontributetoaffordabilityandsustainability.̀Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:*b  *b>0    Developingandevaluatingtextileproductsforsuperiorfunctionalcharacteristicstomeet *&- consumerneeds,aesthetics,andpreferences.*b>9>݌+&.(#(# Ќ  *b  *bE?0    Determiningpropertiesoffibersthataffectconsumersatisfaction.*bE?`?݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b@0    Textilesandapparelforspecialphysicalneeds.*b@/@݌(#(# Ќ  *b  *b@0    Preservationandstorageofartifacts.*b@@݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *bA0    Effectoftextilesandapparelonhumandevelopment.*bAA݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *bBB0    Developmentoftextileproductsforproduction.*bBB]B݌`(#(# Ќ  *b  *bB0    Availabilityofgoods,services,andproductinformationtotheproducer,retailer,andconsumer.*bBC݌8(#(# Ќ  *b  *bC0    & {%%% {Protectionofstructuresandapparelfrompests.#% {%%& {3D#*bCD݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bD0    Determiningfamilyhousingrequirementsonthebasisofselectedcharacteristicssuchasage,   income,size,stageinthelifecycle,health,occupation,andethnicbackground.*bDE݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *b/F0    Determiningcommunity,regional,andnationalneedsforhousingonthebasisofuserneeds.*b/FJF݌H  (#(# Ќ  *b  *bG0    Effectofhousingenvironmentonqualityoflifeissues.*bG1G݌ p (#(# Ќ  *b  *bG0    Determiningcostsandbenefitsofconstructionsystemsandmaterials,givingspecialattention  H  toconsumerneeds.*bGG݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bH0    Improveddesign,technology,materials,andconstructionmethodsforrenovation,pestcontrol,   andconstruction.*bHH݌ (#(# Ќ  *b  *bI0    Housingenvironmentalissues,includingindoorairqualityand greendesign.*bIJ݌X (#(# Ќ  *b  *bJ0    Reviewinganddevelopingbuildingcodesandotherlegalrequirementsbasedonlifesafety 0  issues,health,andwelfareofusersofabuiltenvironment.*bJJ݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bL0    Improvementsinagriculturalpracticestoenhancerawmaterials.(UseRPA204or308)bL+L݌h(#(# Ќ  b  bL0    Functioningofmarkets,includingcapitalmarkets,relatedtorealestate.(UseRPA602)bL M݌@(#(# Ќ  b  bM0    Developmentofnewtextiles.(UseRPA511)bMM݌h(#(# Ќ  b  bN0    Agriculturalstructuresandfacilitiesconstruction.(UseRPA401)bNN݌@(#(# Ќ  b  bYO0    Healthandsafetyhazardssuchaspesticides,fire,andsunexposure.(UseRPA723)bYOtO݌(#(# Ќ  b  b8P0    Disposal,recycling,andnewdevelopmentoftextilesfromwasteproducts.(UseRPA403)b8PSP݌(#(# Ќ  b  bQ0    Marketeconomicsandpracticesrelatedtoapparelandtextiles.(UseRPA603or604)bQ6Q݌x(#(# Ќ  RPA805.0  COMMUNITYINSTITUTIONSANDSOCIALSERVICES (x(#(# Thisresearchaddressesthedevelopment,quality,andfunctioningofcommunityinstitutionsandsocialservices.Thescope,scale,andeffectivenessofpublicandprivatecommunityinstitutionsandservicesareenhancedbythistypeofresearch.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bS0    Development,coordination,andadaptationofagenciesandorganizations.bSS݌#@%(#(# Ќ  b  b^T0    Provisionofsocialservices.b^TyT݌$ &(#(# Ќ  b  bU0    Measuringtheadequacy,quality,andcostofpublicservices.bU"U݌% '(#(# Ќ  b  bU0    Organizationalandoperationalefficiencyofgovernmentagenciesandunits.bUU݌x&!((#(# Ќ  b  bV0    Communityserviceinstitutions,includingvolunteerorganizations,nonprofitgroups,and P'") centers.bVV݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bW0    Dietarystatus.(UseRPA703)bWW݌+&.(#(# Ќ  b  baX0    Publicadministration.(UseRPA608)baX|X݌`,'/(#(# Ќ  b  bY0    Policyanalysis.(UseRPA610)bY,Y݌(#(# Ќ  b  bY0    Workforcepreparation.(UseRPA801)bYY݌(#(# Ќ  TOPICAREAIX.0 " RESEARCHSUPPORT,ADMINISTRATION,ANDCOMMUNICATION 8" (#" (#  RPA901.0  RESEARCHDESIGNANDSTATISTICS @(#(# Thisresearchfocusesonexperimentaldesign,surveys,sampling,andstatisticalanalysis.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b[0    Designofexperimentsandstatisticalanalysisofdata.b[[݌X (#(# Ќ  b  b\0    Improvementinagriculturalstatisticalmethodology.b\\݌0 (#(# Ќ  b  bJ]0    Developmentofresearchtechnologiesandprocedures.bJ]e]݌ (#(# Ќ  b  b ^0    Samplinganddesignofsurveyinstruments.b ^%^݌ (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b^0    Developmentofinstrumentation.(UseRPA404)b^^݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b_0    Standardsofmeasurement.(UseRPA404)b__݌(#(# Ќ  b  bC`0    Studiesonadministrationofresearch.(UseRPA902)bC`^`݌(#(# Ќ  b  ba0    Developmentofeconomicresearchtechniques.(UseRPA609)baa݌x(#(# Ќ  RPA902.0  RESEARCHONADMINISTRATIONOFRESEARCH (x(#(# Thisresearchisfocusedonefficiencyandeffectivenessofresearchmethodsandproposals.Includedinthisisresearchonmaximizingresearcherandfacilityproductivity,andoncoordinatingresearcheffortsamongscientiststhroughoutthenation.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  bXc0    Criteriaandtechniquesforevaluatingresearchproposalsandaccomplishments.bXcsc݌@(#(# Ќ  b  b2d0    Methodstomeasureproductivityofresearchersandresearchorganizations.b2dMd݌ (#(# Ќ  b  be0    Promotionofresearchcreativityandproductivity.be#e݌ !(#(# Ќ  b  be0    Developingandmaintainingtheproficiencyofresearchers.bee݌x!"(#(# Ќ  b  bf0    Relationshipsamongresearch,teaching,andextension.bff݌P"#(#(# Ќ  b  bNg0    Communicationamongresearchersanddisseminationofresearchresults.bNgig݌(#x$(#(# Ќ  b  b h0    Rolesofcooperationandcompetitionamongscientistsandorganizations.b h;h݌$P%(#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  b i0    Developmentofinstrumentation.(UseRPA404)b i&i݌`'")(#(# Ќ  b  bi0    Experimentaldesignandstatistics.(UseRPA901)bii݌8(#*(#(# Ќ  RPA903.0  COMMUNICATION,EDUCATION,ANDINFORMATIONDELIVERY )8%,(#(# Thisareaofresearchisfocusedoneducationalprocesses,needs,andmethodstoachieve +&. educationalgoals.Researchincludesdevelopment,use,andassessmentofcommunication,informationdelivery,andtechnologytransfermethodsandsystems.Areasofresearchincludebutarenotlimitedto:b  b*l0    Techniques,procedures,andprocessesofeducation.b*lEl݌8(#(# Ќ  b  bl0    Teaching,learning,andcognition.blm݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bm0    Communicationandinformationsystemsanddelivery,includingelectronicnetworksand   distanceeducation.bmm݌ (#(# Ќ  b  bn0    Technologytransfer.bnn݌H  (#(# Ќ  b  b8o0    Assessmentandevaluationofcommunicationandeducationsystems.b8oSo݌ p (#(# Ќ  b  bp0    Educationalpsychologyandhumanmotivation.bp p݌ H (#(# Ќ  Excluderesearchon:b  bp0    Publicservices.(UseRPA805)bpp݌X (#(# Ќ  b  b~q0    Conflictresolution.(UseRPA803)b~qq݌0 (#(# Ќ  b  b,r0    Nutritioneducationanddietaryimpacts.(UseRPA703)b,rGr݌X(#(# Ќ