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Ð802à  àIndividual€and€Family€Decision€Making€and€Resource€Use€andÐ ä-Œ+/ Ðà  à€€€Family€FunctioningÐ  Ð.x,0 ÐòòRPAóóà0  àòòTITLEóóÐX@#@# ÐÌò òGOAL€VIII€(¢Contððd£)ó óÐ 0Ø ÐÌ803à  àCauses€of€Poverty€Among€Rural€PeopleÐ ¸ Ð804à  àImprovement€of€Economic€Potential€of€Rural€PeopleÐ ü¤ Ð805à  àCommunication€and€Education€ProcessesÐ è Ð806à  àIndividual€and€Family€Adjustment€to€ChangeÐ Ô| Ð807à  àStructural€Changes€in€AgricultureÐ À h Ð808à  àGovernment€Programs€to€Balance€Farm€Output€and€Market€DemandÐ ¬ T  ÐÌò òGOAL€IX:à0 Ê àPROMOTE€COMMUNITY€IMPROVEMENT€INCLUDING€DEVELOPMENTÐ „ ,  ÐOF€BEAUTY,€RECREATION,€ENVIRONMENT,€ECONOMICÏOPPORTUNITY,€AND€PUBLIC€SERVICESÐ Ê@#Ê@# Ðó óÌ901à  àAlleviation€of€Soil,€Water,€and€Air€Pollution€and€Disposal€of€WastesÐ Lô  Ð902à  àOutdoor€RecreationÐ 8à Ð903à  àMultiple€Use€Potential€of€Forest€Land€and€Evaluation€of€Forestry€ProgramsÐ $Ì Ð904à  àFish€and€Other€Aquatic€Life,€Fur-Bearing€Animals,€and€Other€WildlifeÐ ¸ Ð905à  àTrees€to€Enhance€Rural€and€Urban€EnvironmentÐ ü¤ Ð906à  àCulture€and€Protection€of€Ornamentals€and€TurfÐ è ÐÌ907à  àImproved€Income€Opportunities€in€Rural€CommunitiesÐ Àh Ð908à  àImprovement€of€Rural€Community€Institutions€and€ServicesÐ ¬T ÐÐ  ˜@ Ðà@ÌÌ&ìàòòò òACTIVITYóóó óˆÐ X ÐÌÌòòò òConservation,€development,€and€use€of€soil,€water,€and€other€natural€resourcesóóÐ Pø Ðó óÓUÀhÀ xÐ(€Œ0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@˜ @˜Ê@ ø „XdXÓÌ4100à Ø àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ 0Ø Ð4300à Ø àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ Ä Ð4400à Ø àEvaluation€of€alternative€uses€and€methods€of€useÐ  ° ÐÌòòò òProtection€of€man,€commodities,€resources,€and€their€products€from€losses,Ð à ˆ  Ðdamage,€or€discomfortóóÐ Ô |  Ðó óÌ4500à Ø àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ´ \  Ð4600à Ø àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ  H  Ð4700à Ø àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ Œ4  Ð4810à Ø àProtection€against€fireÐ x  Ð4820à Ø àProtection€against€floodÐ d  Ð4830à Ø àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ Pø Ð4840à Ø àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð <ä Ð4850à Ø àProtection€against€birdsÐ (Ð Ð4860à Ø àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ ¼ Ð4870à Ø àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ ¨ Ð4880à Ø àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ ì” Ð4890à Ø àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsР؀ ÐÌòòò òEfficient€production€and€quality€improvementóóó óÐ °X ÐÌ4900à Ø àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 8 Ð5000à Ø àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ |$ Ð5100à Ø àIncreasing€consumer€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsÐ h Ð5200à0 Ø àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€ofÐ Tü Ðstructures€and€facilitiesÐ Ø@#Ø@# Ð5300à Ø àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ , Ô  ÐÌòòò òFood€product€development€and€processingóóÐ "¬" Ðó óÌ5410à Ø àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ä#Œ!$ Ð5420à Ø àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ Ð$x"% Ð5430à Ø àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ¼%d#& ÐÌ5510à0 Ø àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð ”'<%( Ðextraction)Ð Ø@#Ø@# Ð5520à Ø àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð l)'* Ð5530à Ø àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð X*(+ Ð5540à Ø àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð D+ì(, Ð5550à Ø àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ 0,Ø)- ÐÐ  -Ä*. 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Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Dallisgrass,€Bluestems,€BermudagrassÌÐ  Ð.x,0 ÐòòPRIMEóóà ( àòòSUBóóÐ X ÐÌà œ àà ( à2012à ° àCool€Season€Perennial€Grassesà X àà d àà  àÐ 0Ø Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà0 | àIncludes:€Bluegrass,€Bromegrass,€Fescue,€Orchardgrass,€PerennialÏRyegrass,€Timothy,€WheatgrassÐ | @#| @# ÐÌà œ àà ( à2020à ° àAnnual€Grasses,€GeneralÐ àˆ Ðà œ àà ( à2021à ° àSummer€Annual€Grassesà  àà X àÐ Ìt Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà0 | àIncludes:€Forage€Sorghums,€Sudangrass,€Sorghum-SudangrassÏHybridsÐ | @#| @# Ðà œ àà ( à2022à ° àWinter€Annual€GrassesÐ  8  Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Annual€RyegrassÌÌà œ àà ( à2030à ° àLegumes,€GeneralÐ Tü  Ðà œ àà ( à2031à ° àAlfalfaÐ @è  Ðà œ àà ( à2032à ° àTrefoilÐ ,Ô  Ðà œ àà ( à2033à ° àRed€CloverÐ À Ðà œ àà ( à2034à ° àCrownvetchÐ ¬ Ðà œ àà ( à2035à ° àWinter€Annual€LegumesÐ ð˜ Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Subterranean€Clover,€Arrowleaf€CloverÌà œ àà ( à2039à ° àOther€LegumesÐ Èp Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà0 | àIncludes:€Crimson€Clover,€¢Ladino£€Clover,€Sweet€Clover,€LespedezaÐ | @#| @# ÐÌà œ àà ( à2040à ° àForage€Seeds,€GeneralÐ Œ4 Ðà œ àà ( à2041à ° àGrass€SeedsÐ x  Ðà œ àà ( à2042à ° àLegume€SeedsÐ d  ÐÌà œ àà ( à2090à ° àOther€Forage€CropsÐ <ä Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Cereal€Crops€used€for€ForageÌà œ àà ( à2099à ° àForage€Crops,€GeneralÐ ¼ ÐÌò ò2100à œ àà ( àCottonó ó€€(Including€Cottonseed€for€Planting€Purposes)Ð ì” ÐÌà œ àà ( à2110à ° àUpland€CottonÐ Ì t! 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ÐÌò ò2800à œ àà ( àMiscellaneous€and€New€CropsÐ ´"\ # Ðó óÌà œ àà ( à2810à ° àFiber€Plants,€GeneralÐ ”$<"% Ðà œ àà ( à2811à ° àKenafÐ €%(#& Ðà œ àà ( à2812à ° àHempÐ l&$' Ðà œ àà ( à2813à ° àRamieÐ X'%( Ðà œ àà ( à2814à ° àAgaveÐ D(ì%) Ðà œ àà ( à2819à ° àOther€Fiber€PlantsÐ 0)Ø&* Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Abaca,€Roselle,€SansevieriaÌÌà œ àà ( à2820à ° àDrug€and€Chemurgic€Crops,€GeneralÐ ô+œ)- Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Dioscorea,€Saponaria,€Senna,€TephrosiaÌà œ àà ( à2821à ° àNarcotic€PlantsÐ Ì-t+/ ÐÐ ¸.`,0 ÐòòPRIMEóóà ( àòòSUBóóÐ X ÐÌà œ àà ( à2830à ° àFlavoring€and€Beverage€Plants,€GeneralÐ 0Ø Ðà œ àà ( à2831à ° àHopsÐ Ä Ðà œ àà ( à2832à ° àMintÐ ° Ðà œ àà ( à2833à ° àCoffeeÐ ôœ Ðà œ àà ( à2834à ° àCocoaÐ àˆ Ðà œ àà ( à2835à ° àTeaÐ Ìt Ðà œ àà ( à2839à ° àOther€Flavoring€and€Beverage€PlantsÐ ¸ ` Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€VanillaÌÌà œ àà ( à2860à ° àRubber,€Gum,€and€Resin€Plants,€GeneralÐ | $  Ðà œ àà ( à2861à ° àGuayuleÐ h   Ðà œ àà ( à2862à ° àHeveaÐ Tü  Ðà œ àà ( à2863à ° àGumsÐ @è  Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€ArabicÌà œ àà ( à2869à ° àOther€Rubber€and€Resin€PlantsÐ À ÐÌà œ àà ( à2890à ° àOther€Miscellaneous€and€New€CropsÐ ð˜ Ðà œ àà ( à2899à ° àMiscellaneous€and€New€Crops,€GeneralÐ Ü„ ÐÌò ò2900à œ àà ( àPoultryó óÐ ´\ ÐÌà œ àà ( à2910à ° àEgg€Type€ChickensÐ ”< Ðà œ àà ( à2920à ° àEggsÐ €( Ðà œ àà ( à2930à ° àMeat€Type€ChickensÐ l Ðà œ àà ( à2940à ° àDucks€and€GeeseÐ X Ðà œ àà ( à2950à ° àTurkeysÐ Dì Ðà œ àà ( à2960à ° àPoultry€MeatÐ 0Ø Ðà œ àà ( à2990à ° àOther€PoultryÐ Ä Ðà œ àà ( à2999à ° àPoultry,€GeneralÐ ° ÐÌò ò3000à œ àà ( àBeef€CattleÐ àˆ  Ðó óÌà œ àà ( à3010à ° àMeatÐ À!h" Ðà œ àà ( à3020à ° àHidesÐ ¬"T # Ðà œ àà ( à3030à ° àOther€Beef€Cattle€ProductsÐ ˜#@!$ Ðà œ àà ( à3040à ° àBeef€Cattle,€Live€AnimalÐ „$,"% Ðà œ àà ( à3090à ° àBeef€Cattle,€GeneralÐ p%#& ÐÌò ò3100à œ àà ( àDairy€CattleÐ H'ð$( Ðó óÌà œ àà ( à3110à ° àButterÐ ()Ð&* Ðà œ àà ( à3120à ° àCheeseÐ *¼'+ Ðà œ àà ( à3130à ° àMeatÐ +¨(, Ðà œ àà ( à3140à ° àMilkÐ ì+”)- Ðà œ àà ( à3150à ° àIce€CreamÐ Ø,€*. Ðà œ àà ( à3160à ° àDairy€Cattle,€Live€AnimalÐ Ä-l+/ Ðà œ àà ( à3190à ° àOther€Dairy€Cattle€ProductsÐ °.X,0 ÐòòPRIMEóóà ( àòòSUBóóÐ X ÐÌà œ àà ( à3199à ° àDairy€Cattle,€GeneralÐ 0Ø ÐÌò ò3200à œ àà ( àSwineÐ ° Ðó óÌà œ àà ( à3210à ° àMeatÐ è Ðà œ àà ( à3220à ° àHidesÐ Ô| Ðà œ àà ( à3230à ° àOther€Swine€ProductsÐ À h Ðà œ àà ( à3240à ° àSwine,€Live€AnimalÐ ¬ T  Ðà œ àà ( à3299à ° àSwine,€GeneralÐ ˜ @  ÐÌò ò3300à œ àà ( àSheep€and€WoolÐ p   Ðó óÌà œ àà ( à3310à ° àMeatÐ Pø  Ðà œ àà ( à3320à ° àHidesÐ <ä  Ðà œ àà ( à3330à ° àWool€FiberÐ (Ð Ðà œ àà ( à3340à ° àSheep,€Live€AnimalÐ ¼ Ðà œ àà ( à3399à ° àSheep€and€Wool,€GeneralÐ ¨ ÐÌò ò3400à œ àà ( àOther€Animalsó ó€€(See€0800€for€Fish,€Shellfish,€Game€and€Fur-BearingР؀ Ðà œ àà ( àAnimals)ÌÌà œ àà ( à3410à ° àHorses,€Ponies,€and€MulesÐ ¤L Ðà œ àà ( à3420à ° àGoats€and€MohairÐ 8 Ðà œ àà ( à3430à ° àPetsÐ |$ Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Dogs,€CatsÌà œ àà ( à3440à ° àLaboratory€AnimalsÐ Tü Ðà œ àà ( àà ° àà | àIncludes:€Guinea€Pigs,€Mice,€Rats,€RabbitsÌà œ àà ( à3490à ° àOther€Specific€AnimalsÐ ,Ô Ðà œ àà ( à3491à ° àOther€Animal€FibersÐ À Ðà œ àà ( à3499à ° àOther€Animals,€GeneralÐ ¬ ÐÌò ò3500à œ àà ( àBees€and€Honey€and€Other€Pollinating€InsectsÐ Ü „! 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ÐÌò ò6900à œ àà ( àResearch€on€Research€Managementó ó€€(Not€Research€ManagementÐ À#h!$ Ðà œ àà ( à€€€òòperóó€òòseóó)Ð ´$\"% ÐÌò ò7000à œ àà ( àResearch€Equipment€and€Technologyó óÐ Œ&4$' ÐÌà œ àà ( à7090à ° àRemote€Sensing€Equipment€and€TechnologyÐ l(&) Ðà œ àà ( à7098à ° àResearch€Equipment€and€Technology,€GeneralÐ X)'* Ðà œ àà ( à7099à ° àOther€Research€Equipment€and€TechnologyÐ  D*ì'+ Ðà@"ìàò òòòFIELD€OF€SCIENCEóóó óˆÐ X ÐÌÓo@ÀH—HG … Œ ° [ ˆH8Ȩ˜ˆhH!À hÀÄPØ ¤ „XŒ0XoÓÌòòò òBiologicalóóÐ Pø Ðó óÌÒ(´h<˜@#˜@#(Ò0110à  àBiochemistry€and€biophysics€-€animalÐ 0Ø Ð0112à  àBiochemistry€and€biophysics€-€plantÐ Ä Ð0113à  àBiochemistry€and€biophysics€-€humanÐ  ° Ð0114à  àBiochemistry€and€biophysics€-€otherÐ ô œ ÐÌ0210à  àBiology€-€Environmental,€systematic,Ð Ì t  Ðà o àà  àapplied€-€animalÌ0212à  àBiology€-€Environmental,€systematic,Ð ¤ L  Ðà o àà  àapplied€-€plantÌ0213à  àBiology€-€Environmental,€systematic,Ð |$  Ðà o àà  àapplied€-€humanÌ0214à  àBiology€-€Environmental,€systematic,Ð Tü Ðà o àà  àapplied€-€otherÌÌ0310à  àBiology€-€Molecular€-€animalÐ À Ð0312à  àBiology€-€Molecular€-€plantÐ ¬ Ð0313à  àBiology€-€Molecular€-€otherÐ ð˜ ÐÌ0410à  àEntomology€-€animalÐ Èp Ð0412à  àEntomology€-€plantÐ ´\ Ð0413à  àEntomology€-€humanÐ  H Ð0414à  àEntomology€-€otherÐ Œ4 ÐÌ0510à  àAnimal€Genetics€and€BreedingÐ d  Ð0512à  àPlant€Genetics€and€BreedingÐ Pø Ð0513à  àGenetics€-€otherÐ <ä ÐÌ0610à  àImmunology€-€animalÐ  ¼  Ð0612à  àImmunology€-€plantÐ !¨! Ð0613à  àImmunology€-€humanÐ ì!”" ÐÌ0710à  àMicrobiology€-€animalÐ Ä#l!$ Ð0712à  àMicrobiology€-€plantÐ °$X"% Ð0713à  àMicrobiology€-€humanÐ œ%D#& Ð0714à  àMicrobiology€-€soilsÐ ˆ&0$' Ð0790à  àMicrobiology€-€otherÐ t'%( ÐÌ0810à  àNematology€-€animalÐ L)ô&* Ð0812à  àNematology€-€plantÐ 8*à'+ Ð0813à  àNematology€-€otherÐ $+Ì(, ÐÌ0910à  àNutrition€and€Metabolism€-€animalÐ ü,¤*. Ð0912à  àNutrition€and€Metabolism€-€plantÐ è-+/ Ð0913à  àNutrition€and€Metabolism€-€humanÐ Ô.|,0 Ð0914à < àNutrition€and€Metabolism€-€otherÐ 0Ø0 ÐÌ1010à < àParasitology€-€animalÐ  °2 Ð1012à < àParasitology€-€plantÐ ô œ3 Ð1013à < àParasitology€-€otherÐ à ˆ4 ÐÌ1110à < àPathology€-€animalÐ ¸ ` 6 Ð1112à < àPathology€-€plantÐ ¤ L 7 Ð1113à < àPathology€-€humanÐ 8 8 Ð1114à < àPathology€-€otherÐ |$ 9 ÐÌ1210à < àPharmacologyÐ Tü; ÐÌ1310à < àPhysiology€„€animalÐ ,Ô= Ð1312à < àPhysiology€„€plantÐ À> Ð1313à < àPhysiology€„€otherÐ ¬? ÐÌ1410à < àVirology€„€animalÐ Ü„A Ð1412à < àVirology€„€plantÐ ÈpB Ð1413à < àVirology€„€humanÐ ´\C Ð1414à < àVirology€„€otherÐ  HD ÐÌòòò òPhysicalóóó óÐ x F ÐÌ1524à < àChemistry€„€analyticalÐ XH Ð1525à < àChemistry€„€inorganicÐ DìI Ð1526à < àChemistry€„€organicÐ 0ØJ Ð1527à < àChemistry€„€physicalÐ  ÄK Ð1528à < àChemistry€„€soilsÐ !°L Ð1529à < àChemistry€„€otherÐ ô!œM ÐÌ1920à < àEngineering€„€agriculturalÐ Ì#t!O Ð1924à < àEngineering€„€mechanicalÐ ¸$`"P Ð1925à < àEngineering€„€electricalÐ ¤%L#Q Ð1926à < àEngineering€„€civilÐ &8$R Ð1927à < àEngineering€„€chemicalÐ |'$%S Ð1928à < àEngineering€„€industrialÐ h(&T Ð1929à < àEngineering€„€otherÐ T)ü&U ÐÐ  @*è'V Ðòòò òPhysical€(¢Cont'd£)ó óóóÐ X ÐÌ2020à  àGeology€and€geographyÐ 8à ÐÌ2120à  àHydrologyÐ ¸ ÐÌ2220à  àMathematicsÐ è Ð2230à  àStatistics€and€¢biometry£Ð Ô| ÐÌ2320à  àMeteorology€and€climatologyÐ ¬ T  ÐÌ2420à  àPhysicsÐ „ ,  Ð2421à  àPhysics€„€soilsÐ p   ÐÌÐ Hð  Ðò òòòSocial€and€Behavioralóóó óÐ X ÐÌ2530à < àAnthropologyÐ 8à Ð2630à < àEconomicsÐ $Ì ÐÌ2730à < àEducationÐ ü¤ Ð2740à < àInformation€and€CommunicationÐ è ÐÌ2830à < àHistoryÐ À h Ð2930à < àLawÐ ¬ T Ð3030à < àPolitical€ScienceÐ ˜ @  Ð3130à < àPsychologyÐ „ ,  Ð3230à < àSociologyÐ p   Ð3310à < àArt€and€ArchitectureÐ \  ÐÐ Hð  ÐÒ(´h<˜L˜L(ÒÐ  4Ü  ÐÓ  ÓÒÀ˜ÒÒÀ˜ÒÑ„XÑÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ ìàòòò òRESEARCH€PROBLEM€AREAS€(RPA'S)ˆÐ ¼ 8  ÐÌà@ˆˆ$ìàDESCRIPTIONSó óóóˆÐ  Œ  ÐñRñà@¤¤ìàò òòòGOALS€OF€AGRICULTURAL€RESEARCHó óóóˆÐ „ ÐÌÌI.à0 — àInsure€a€stable€and€productive€agriculture€for€the€future€through€wise€management€ofÐ Ä@ Ðnatural€resources.Ð —$—$ ÐÌÌII.à0 — àProtect€forests,€crops,€and€livestock€from€insects,€diseases,€and€other€hazards.Ðt ð—$—$ ÐÌÌIII.à0 — àProduce€an€adequate€supply€of€farm€and€forest€products€at€decreasing€real€productionÐ 8 ´  Ðcosts.Ð —$—$ ÐÌÌIV.à0 — àExpand€the€demand€for€farm€and€forest€products€by€developing€new€and€improvedÐ èd  Ðproducts€and€processes€and€enhancing€product€quality.Ð —$—$ ÐÌÌV.à0 — àImprove€efficiency€in€the€marketing€system.И—$—$ ÐÌÌVI.à0 — àExpand€export€markets€and€assist€developing€nations.Ð\Ø—$—$ ÐÌÌVII.à0 — àProtect€consumer€health€and€improve€nutrition€and€well-being€of€the€American€people.Ð œ—$—$ ÐÌÌVIII.à0 — àAssist€rural€Americans€to€improve€their€level€of€living.Ðä`—$—$ ÐÌÌIX.à0 — àPromote€community€improvement€including€development€of€beauty,€recreation,Ð ¨$ Ðenvironment,€economic€opportunity,€and€public€services.Ð —$—$ ÐÌÌX.à0 — àEnhance€the€national€capacity€to€develop€and€disseminate€new€knowledge€and€new€orÐ X#Ô" Ðimproved€methodology€for€solving€current€problems€or€new€problems€that€will€arise€in€theÏfuture.€Research€under€Goal€X€is€conducted€under€all€the€RPA's€of€Goals€I€-€IX.Ð —$—$ ÐÐ  „ ÐñRñà@žž'ìàòòGOAL€IóóˆÐ „ ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òINSURE€A€STABLE€AND€PRODUCTIVE€AGRICULTURE€FOR€THEÐ \Ø ÐFUTURE€THROUGH€WISE€MANAGEMENT€OF€NATURAL€RESOURCESóóÐ |ø ÐÓ  Óó óÌÌThe€Nation's€natural€resources,€including€soil,€water,€forest,€and€range,€provide€the€basis€forÏeconomic€growth€and€an€adequate€supply€of€farm€and€forest€products.€Essential€naturalÏresources€must€be€maintained,€developed,€and€used€to€meet€production€and€general€welfareÏneeds.€This€involves€reducing€soil€erosion€and€controlling€water€runoff.€It€includes€increasingÏour€efforts€to€improve€forest€management.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€101-114,€inclusive.ÌÐ  À< Ðò òòòRPA€101.à G àAPPRAISAL€OF€SOIL€RESOURCESóóó óÐ „ ÐÓ¢^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀH—HG … Œ ° [ ˆ‚À8Ȩ‚ðhà¢ÓÌAgricultural€agencies€make€appraisals€of€the€nation's€soil€resources€through€soil€classificationÏand€mapping€the€classified€soil€types.€Research€in€support€of€soil€mapping€is€concerned€withÏidentifying€the€parameters€to€be€measured€including€the€correlation€of€soil€map€information€withÏthe€use€to€be€made€of€the€data€(e.g.,€crop€production,€housing€developments,€zoning),€and€theÏdevelopment€of€effective€and€economic€ways€of€reporting€the€results.ÌÌIn€recent€years€the€use€of€these€findings€has€extended€far€beyond€that€made€by€farmers€andÏranchers.€For€example,€¢sanitarians£€and€home€builders€are€using€the€information€for€judging€theÏcapacity€of€soils€to€absorb€septic€tank€effluent;€architects€and€developers€use€the€informationÏfor€site€evaluation€and€foundation€design;€urban€planners€and€other€public€officials€use€soilÏsurveys€for€both€general€and€operational€planning€of€land€use€in€rapidly€expanding€areas.€SoilÏsurveys€can€also€be€used€to€show€soil€characteristics€such€as€susceptibility€to€frost€heave€orÏslippage,€depth€to€water€table,€depth€to€rock€or€other€impermeable€barriers,€bearing€strength,Ïflood€hazard,€and€soil€erosion€potential€which€affect€suitability€of€a€site€for€specific€uses.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àPhysical,€chemical,€mechanical,€and€biological€characteristics€of€soils€needed€in€soilÐ <¸ Ðclassification€and€management.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àIdentification€of€soil€types€and€their€suitability€for€specific€uses.Ð@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAppraisal€of€how€soils€behave€under€different€levels€of€management€and€use€such€as€cropÐ | Ðproduction,€logging,€grazing,€water€utilization€and€yield,€and€other€agricultural,€forestry,€andÏnon-agricultural€uses.€This€type€of€research€indicates€the€general€type€and€level€of€intensityÏof€use€to€which€a€tract€of€land€is€suited.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð œ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð tð ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ L È ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ü#x # ÐÐ  è$d!$ Ðò òòòRPA€102.à | àSOIL,€PLANT,€WATER,€NUTRIENT€RELATIONSHIPSóóó óÐ „ ÐÌThis€problem€area€is€concerned€with€the€chemical€and€physical€nature€of€interrelationshipsÏamong€soils,€plants,€water,€and€nutrients.€The€objective€is€to€improve,€maintain,€or€restore€theÏinherent€production€capability€of€soils.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àFactors€which€limit€root€development€of€plants.Ð ”@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€practical€methods€for€ameliorating€unfavorable€conditions,€such€as€tillageÐ  €  Ðpans,€nutrient€deficiencies,€and€improper€air-water€relationships.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àWays€to€maintain€and€improve€soil€structure€by€soil€amendments€and€by€soil,€crop,€tillage,Ð Ü X  Ðand€management€systems.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àThe€effect€of€physical,€chemical,€and€biological€properties€of€soils€on€soil€structure,Ð ´0  Ðresistance€to€erosion,€availability€of€plant€nutrients,€and€the€general€environment€for€plantÏroots.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àChemical€changes€of€nutrient€elements€in€different€kinds€of€soils€and€the€factors€affectingÐ xô Ðuptake€by€various€crops.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMethods€to€make€beneficial€changes€in€energy€dissipation€and€utilization€in€theÐ PÌ Ðsoil-plant-atmosphere€relationships.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àInterrelationships€between€soil€properties€and€aspects€of€plant€physiology.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àSubsidence€and€fire€damage€to€organic€soils.Ð@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€that€can€be€considered€as€"improvement€of€biological€efficiency"€whenÐ ìh Ðthe€primary€orientation€is€to€the€response€made€by€particular€plant€types€(e.g.,Ïcorn)€to€variables€of€soil,€plant€spacing,€fertilizer,€water,€etc.€(Use€RPA€304€orÏ307).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à4810à € àProtection€against€fireÐ $" ! Ðà @ à4820à € àProtection€against€floodÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à4840à0 € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ðü#x #€$€$ Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ „)&) Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basinsÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à0600,€0700,€0900-2100,€2300-2800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6100-6400,€6600,€6700€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ì€à @ à€€€€€Ð 4-°)- ÐÐ   .œ*. Ðòòò òRPA€103.à | àMANAGEMENT€OF€SALINE€AND€SODIC€SOILS€AND€SALINITYóóó óÐ „ ÐÌInjurious€accumulations€of€salts€may€occur€in€the€root€zone€of€the€soil€because€salts€moveÏupward€in€the€soil€with€water€and€are€left€behind€as€the€water€evaporates.€Salts€can€be€leachedÏdownward€to€the€ground€water€or€to€a€drainage€system€as€the€result€of€heavy€rainfall€orÏirrigation.ÌÌSalts€generally€come€from€irrigation€water,€but€some€soils€naturally€contain€excessive€quantities.ÏMany€complex€problems€are€created€by€the€combination€of€salts,€soils,€and€climatic€conditionsÏand€quality€of€irrigation€or€leaching€water.€Disposal€of€salts€without€degrading€water€quality€forÏthe€downstream€user€is€a€critical€problem.€In€the€arid€West€injurious€concentrations€of€salts€inÏthe€soil€have€impaired€the€use€of€25€percent€of€the€34€million€acres€of€irrigated€land.€Salinity€andÏbrackish€water€problems€also€occur€in€seaboard€areas.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àLeaching€theory€and€methods€to€predict€rates€and€amounts€of€various€qualities€of€leachingÐ xô Ðwaters€and€related€drainage€system€requirements€to€reclaim€soils€having€saltÏaccumulations.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethods€of€treating€and€managing€saline€irrigation€water€and€leaching€effluents.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àManagement€criteria€for€use€of€brackish€water€of€various€qualities€under€a€wide€range€ofÐ (¤ Ðsoil,€crop,€and€environmental€conditions.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àTillage,€crop,€soil€amendment,€leaching,€and€profile€modification€practices€for€cropÐ | Ðproduction€on€saline€and€sodic€soils.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àThe€interactions€of€soil€structure,€dissolved€and€absorbed€ions,€microbial€activity,€organicÐ ØT Ðmatter,€and€moisture€movement€in€the€root€zone€of€salt-affected€soils.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àProcedures€and€equipment€for€determining€the€salinity€status€of€soils€and€irrigation€waters.а,@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àResearch€on€plants€or€cropping€sequences€to€manage€or€improve€saline€soils.М@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€salt€tolerant€varieties.Ј@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð `Ü ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð 8!´  ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ „)&) Ðà @ à0600,€0700,€0900-2100€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à2300-2800,€6700€(See€Commodity€Classification)ÌÐ  H,Ä(, Ðòòò òRPA€104.à | àALTERNATIVE€USES€OF€LANDóóó óÐ „ ÐÌAlternative€uses€of€land€need€to€be€evaluated€to€determine€which€ones€will€provide€the€greatestÏshort-€and€long-range€social€and€economic€benefits.€Population€growth,€advances€in€agriculturalÏtechnology,€changing€consumer€demands,€urban€and€suburban€growth,€needs€of€people€atÏhome€and€abroad,€recreational€needs,€and€other€factors€result€in€changing€demands€upon€ourÏnation's€fixed€supply€of€land.€Soil€conservation,€forestry€and€water,€watersheds,€recreation,€andÏcommunity€development€programs€and€policies€should€be€based€upon€the€relative€advantagesÏof€alternative€land€uses.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àInventory€and€appraisal€of€current€and€potential€land€uses.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àParameters€and€models€for€evaluating€economic€benefits.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAppraisal€of€future€land€requirements€for€non-agricultural€uses€such€as€forestry,€recreation,Ð    Ðhighway,€urban,€and€industrial€development.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEconomics€of€conservation€and€management€programs€and€practices.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àFactors€affecting€land€use€such€as:Ðdà@$@$ Ðà @ àà ü à(1)€€Government€programsÌà @ àà ü à(2)€€Tax€policiesÌà @ àà ü à(3)€€New€technologyÌà @ àà ü à(4)€€Laws€and€ordinancesÌà @ àà ü à(5)€€Land€ownership€patterns€and€trendsÌà @ àà ü à(6)€€Population€changesÌÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ tð Ðà @ à4400à € àEvaluation€of€alternative€uses€and€methods€of€useÐ `Ü Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ L È ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð Ô%P"% ÐÐ  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€105.à | àCONSERVATION€AND€EFFICIENT€USE€OF€WATERóóó óÐ „ ÐÌVirtually€all€of€the€nation's€water€supply€arrives€as€precipitation€upon€the€land.€Seventy€percentÏof€this€supply€is€lost€through€evaporation€and€transpiration.€The€remaining€30€percent€is€subjectÏto€increasing€competition€among€agricultural,€industrial,€and€domestic€users.€IncreasedÏefficiency€in€collecting,€storing,€conveying,€using,€and€reusing€available€supplies€becomesÏessential.ÌÌOne€example€of€a€reclaimable€supply€is€on€irrigated€farms€where€about€76€million€acre€feet€ofÏwater€are€lost€by€evaporation,€seepage,€wasteful€runoff€during€irrigation,€and€use€byÏnon-beneficial€plants.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àMoisture€and€heat€flow€in€soils€for€more€effective€procedures€to€monitor€and€improveÐ    Ðeffectiveness€of€water€storage€in€the€soil€profile€and€underground€aquifers.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àImproved€soil€and€water€conservation€systems€and€residue€management€systems€which€willÐ xô Ðbe€compatible€with€modern€mechanized€agricultural€practices.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àManagement€practices,€breeding€and€selecting€of€plant€varieties,€and€environmentalÐ PÌ Ðmanagement€practices€to€make€efficient€use€of€water€through€the€various€stages€of€plantÏgrowth.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAlternative€practical€techniques€for€reducing€water€loss€from€plant,€soil,€and€water€surfaces.Ð@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPractices€to€enhance€water€infiltration,€transmission,€and€use€by€plants.Ð|@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMethods€to€conserve,€replenish,€and€effectively€use€water€in€underground€storage.Ðìh@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àResearch€designed€to€control€phreatophytes€and€aquatic€weeds€to€reduce€the€damages€orÐ ØT Ðlosses€they€cause.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€aquatic€weeds€as€a€pollutant.€(Use€RPA€901).Ð œ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð tð ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð L È ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ $" ! Ðà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à4700à0 € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agents€(aquatic€and€phreatophytes€only)Ðü#x #€$€$ Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ „)&) Ðà @ à0300€€Watersheds€and€river€basins€Ìà @ à0600,€0700,€0900-2100,€2300-2800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6100à € àWeedsÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  4-°)- Ðòòò òRPA€106.à0 | àEFFICIENT€DRAINAGE€AND€IRRIGATION€SYSTEMS€ANDÐ „ ÐFACILITIESóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌExcess€water€is€a€problem€on€nearly€60€million€acres€of€cropland.€Almost€40€million€acres€of€landÏare€under€irrigation€management.€Water€control€structures€represent€expensive€features€ofÏirrigation€and€drainage€systems.€Improved€design€of€facilities€and€systems€will€result€in€moreÏefficient€use€of€land,€water,€and€capital€resources.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àTheory€of€water€flow€for€more€efficient€irrigation€system€design.Ð$   @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethods€of€automating€irrigation€systems€to€reduce€labor€and€increase€efficiency.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àNew€concepts€and€improved€design€of€drainage€systems.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àNew€materials,€systems,€equipment,€and€installation€techniques€to€reduce€construction€andÐ èd  Ðmaintenance€costs€of€drainage€and€irrigation€systems.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àUse€of€solar€energy€and€air€turbulence€to€speed€the€drying€of€poorly€drained€soils.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMethods€for€combining€irrigation€and€drainage€systems€to€increase€efficiency€of€water€andÐ ¬( Ðsystem€use.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àImproved€hydraulic€design€of€water€control€structures€to€reduce€construction€cost€andÐ „ Ðmaintain€safety€of€structures.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€for€determining€irrigation€water€requirements€giving€consideration€to€water€use€byÐ \Ø Ðplants,€effective€rainfall,€and€water€losses€during€the€following€application.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àEquipment€for€uniform€distribution€of€irrigation€water€with€particular€emphases€on€overheadÐ 4° Ðand€subsurface€systems.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ ¨$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð € ü ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ D#À" Ðà @ à0600,€0700,€0900-2100,€2300-2800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à6100-6400€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ à'\$' ÐÐ  Ì(H%( Ðòòò òRPA€107.à | àWATERSHED€PROTECTION€AND€MANAGEMENTóóó óÐ „ ÐÌNearly€12,000€agricultural€and€forested€watersheds€in€the€country€are€in€the€size€categoryÏcommonly€encompassed€in€developments€under€the€Watershed€Protection€and€FloodÏPrevention€Act,€the€Small€Reclamation€Projects€Act,€and€similar€programs.€These€watershedsÏinclude€the€cropland€of€the€U.S.€as€well€as€the€range€and€forest€lands.€Many€of€theseÏwatersheds€need€one€or€more€of€the€following:€flood€prevention€systems,€sediment€control,€windÏand€water€erosion€control,€and€improved€management€for€water€yield€and€quality.ÌÌErosion€control€is€needed€to€protect€the€productive€capacity€of€the€land.€Sediment€control€isÏneeded€to€prevent€unwanted€deposition€of€eroded€material€in€reservoirs,€harbors,€streamÏchannels,€streets€and€highways,€or€on€flood-plain€lands.€Sediment€in€streams€damagesÏrecreational€values€and€must€be€removed€from€domestic€and€industrial€water€supplies.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àNew€concepts€and€mathematical€expressions€of€the€erosion€processes€by€wind€and€water.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àProcedures€for€identifying€sediment€sources,€predicting€and€measuring€sediment€deposition,Ð dà Ðand€methods€for€sediment€control.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMeasures€for€controlling€erosion€on€watershed€lands€and€stream€channel€systems€in€bothÐ <¸ Ðrural€and€urban€environments€and€methods€for€reclaiming€eroded€lands.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€for€quantifying€the€role€of€soil€and€vegetation€in€the€hydrologic€performance€ofÐ  Ðwatersheds€and€river€basins€and€the€impact€of€management€practices€which€changeÏtopographic€and€vegetative€characteristics.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àImproved€procedures€for€use€of€watersheds€and€river€basins€to€assure€needed€agriculturalÐ ØT Ðand€forest€products,€keep€soil€erosion€and€sedimentation€to€an€acceptable€minimum,€andÏsupply€reliable€quantities€of€good€quality€water€for€domestic,€agricultural,€municipal,€andÏindustrial€uses.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àAlternative€land€and€water€management€practices€including€cover€manipulation€to€improveÐ ˆ Ðthe€quality,€quantity,€and€timing€of€surface€and€subsurface€water€yields€from€watersheds€andÏriver€basins.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àAlternative€systems€for€managing€water€storage€and€movement€to€reduce€floods€andÐ L È Ðdispose€of€excess€water,€maintain€stable€stream€channels,€and€provide€water€for€beneficialÏuses.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àDesign€of€watershed€structures€and€runoff€control€systems.Ð#Œ"@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à4820à € àProtection€against€floodÐ „)&) Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð p*ì&* ÐÐ  \+Ø'+ Ðò òñSñà€¼¼=$àñSñRPA€107€(¢Cont'd£)Ð „ Ðó óÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ (¤ Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ   Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð  | Ðà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ì h Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à0900-2100,€2300-2800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ œ  ÐÐ  ˆ  Ðòòò òRPA€108.à0 | àECONOMIC€AND€LEGAL€PROBLEMS€IN€MANAGEMENT€OFÐ „ ÐWATER€AND€WATERSHEDSóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌEconomically€sound€watershed€and€river€basin€plans€are€needed€because€of:€(1)€an€expandingÏeconomy€pressing€on€available€water€resources€in€some€areas€while€in€others,€resources€areÏunder-employed,€(2)€production€and€income€stabilization€needs,€(3)€advancing€technology,€andÏ(4)€large€capital€investments€made€by€public€agencies€in€water€resources€projects.€Also,€efficientÏuse€of€land€and€water€resources€is€conditioned€by€laws,€administrative€regulations,€and€otherÏinstitutional€arrangements€which€prescribe€rules€and€procedures€for€transfer,€use,€andÏmanagement€of€resources.€Economic€management€of€water€in€agriculture€is€an€important€factorÏin€balanced€development€and€growth€of€all€water-using€industries.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àIdentifying€and€quantifying€the€benefits€and€costs€of€projects,€especially€intangible€andÐ ÔP  Ðnon-market€values€such€as€recreation,€beauty,€and€depressed€area€redevelopment.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àZoning€of€water€bodies€and€river€basins€for€most€desirable€uses€(flood„plain€occupancy,Ð ¬( Ðtechniques€for€minimizing€damages€and€adjusting€to€floods).Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àIdentification€of€potentials€for€developing€major€water€resources€to€meet€emerging€nationalÐ „ Ðand€regional€requirements€and€objectives.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAnalyses€of€non-structural€alternatives€to€reduce€economic€losses€from€flooding€and€otherÐ \Ø Ðwater-caused€damage.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àLegal€and€institutional€arrangements€to€achieve€equitable€and€orderly€water€use€and€riverÐ 4° Ðbasin€development.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àAdvantageous€allocation€of€water€among€competitive€uses.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDetermining€benefits€derived€from€wise€management€and€multiple€usage€of€water.Ðøt@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àEvaluating€alternatives€in€watershed€and€river€basin€development.Ðä`@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ l!è  Ðà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à4400à € àEvaluation€of€alternative€uses€and€methods€of€useÐ D#À" Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ 0$¬ # ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð &„"% ÐÌà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð Ì(H%( ÐÐ  ¸)4&) Ðòòò òRPA€109.à | àADAPTATION€TO€WEATHER€AND€WEATHER€MODIFICATIONóóó óÐ „ ÐÌThe€future€holds€many€possibilities€for€changes€in€weather€and€climate€ranging€from€dramaticÏmajor€changes€to€micro-environmental€changes€around€plants€and€animals.€Research€inÏagriculture€has€three€tasks:€(1)€characterize€existing€climatic€patterns€and€propose€moreÏeffective€ways€of€adjusting€to€these€patterns,€(2)€specify€modifications€that€are€clearly€desirableÏto€farm€and€forest,€and€(3)€learn€how€modifications€proposed€by€others€will€affect€agriculture€orÏnatural€ecology.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àUnderstanding€the€sequences€and€duration€of€weather€events€and€the€response€of€relevantÐ Ü X  Ðbiota.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àProbabilities€of€occurrence€of€weather€conditions€critical€to€agricultural€operations.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€for€incorporating€climatology€in€the€strategy,€forecasts,€and€decision-making€tacticsÐ    Ðof€agriculture.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àTechniques€for€direct€modification€of€weather€events€and€elements.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àThe€biological€consequences€of€weather€modification.Ðdà@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àThe€phenomena€of€hail€and€other€severe€storms.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àMicro-climate€and€ways€to€modify€it.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àLegal€and€economic€implications€and€consequences€of€particular€weather€modifications.Ð(¤@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€lightning€and€other€weather-related€forest€fire€research.€(Use€RPAÐ | Ð203).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ tð Ðà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ `Ü Ðà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ L È Ðà @ à4820à € àProtection€against€floodÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð $" ! Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ „)&) Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð p*ì&* Ðà @ à0400à € àAir€and€climateÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à0600,€0700,€0900-2800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6500,€6700€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð   .œ*. Ðòòò òRPA€110.à | àAPPRAISAL€OF€FOREST€AND€RANGE€RESOURCESóóó óÐ „ ÐÌPeriodic€appraisals€of€forest€and€range€resources€of€the€nation€are€essential€to€determine€theÏadequacy€of€public€conservation€policies€and€programs€and€to€guide€the€development€of€privateÏforest€and€range€enterprises.ÌÌThe€timber€resources€of€the€nation,€including€some€500€million€acres€of€commercial€forest€land,Ïvary€greatly€in€productivity€and€availability€for€industrial€use.€They€show€widely€divergent€trendsÏin€growth,€depletion,€and€quality.€The€increasing€use€of€resource€data€to€evaluate€future€needsÏfor€Federal€and€State€forestry€programs€and€to€provide€guidance€for€the€continuing€expansionÏof€wood-using€industries€in€various€regions€makes€it€imperative€that€appraisals€of€timberÏresources€be€intensified€and€kept€up„to„date.ÌÌThe€range€and€wildlife€habitat€resources€of€the€nation€vary€widely€in€productivity,€condition,€andÏpotential€importance€for€sustaining€livestock€and€wildlife.€There€is€a€growing€need€for€aÏcomprehensive€appraisal€of€range€conditions€and€opportunities€for€improving€capacity€and€useÏto€meet€future€demands€for€livestock€forage,€water€yield,€and€wildlife€habitat.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermination€of€types€of€information€needed€and€standards€of€estimate.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àImprovement€of€survey€methods€to€reduce€costs€and€increase€the€usefulness€of€informationÐ  Ðobtained,€including€emphasis€on€aerial€photography,€trend€projections,€and€more€effectiveÏuse€of€computers€for€analysis€of€data.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAppraisals€in€each€State€to€provide€up-to-date€information€on€the€quantity,€quality,€andÐ ØT Ðproductivity€of€forest€and€range€resources€to€be€used€in€evaluating€the€nation's€timber€andÏrange€situation.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAppraisals€for€use€in€development€of€resource€programs.М@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€the€timber€outlook€resulting€from€alternative€management€regimes€for€use€inÐ ˆ Ðprojection€systems.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€use€of€remote€sensing.€(Use€RPA€113).Ð L È ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð $" ! ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ü#x # ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ À&<#& ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˜(%( ÐÌà @ à0100,€0200,€0500€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ 4-°)- Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð   .œ*. Ðòòò òRPA€111.à0 | àBIOLOGY,€CULTURE,€AND€MANAGEMENT€OF€FORESTS€ANDÐ „ ÐTIMBER-RELATED€CROPSóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌCulture€and€management€are€directed€at€producing€adequate€supplies€at€reasonable€cost,€byÏmethods€that€harmonize€with€other€forest€uses.€For€the€40€important€commercial€timber€typesÏin€the€United€States,€it€is€necessary€to€develop€techniques€for€intensive€culture€and€forÏcombining€timber€culture€with€other€uses.€The€major€job€is€to€find€out€how€to€convert€wild€forestsÏto€forests€managed€for€single€or€multiple€objectives,€in€the€shortest€time€and€at€least€cost.€EachÏtype€has€distinctive€silvicultural€characteristics.ÌÌResearch€includes€investigations€of€biological€processes€and€ecological€relationships,€improvedÏcultural€techniques€for€commercial€and€other€timber€species,€including€Christmas€trees,€andÏbetter€methods€for€forecasting€growth€and€quality€changes€in€relation€to€management€practices.ÏThus€it€provides€the€basis€for€selection€of€economic€alternatives.ÌÌImproved€management€of€existing€and€improved€varieties€offers€many€opportunities€forÏimproving€the€biological€efficiency€of€trees.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àPhysiology€and€ecology€of€forest€trees€and€plant€communities.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àSeed€orchard€management,€seed€harvesting,€processing,€and€storage€methods.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àNursery€culture,€planting,€and€direct€seeding.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àCheaper€ways€to€convert€¢brushfields£€to€timber€stands.Ð œ@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àTechniques€to€encourage€natural€regeneration€to€perpetuate€desirable€forest€species.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àUse€of€prescribed€fire€and€other€measures€to€control€competing€vegetation€and€standÐ øt Ðcomposition.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àPlanning€and€techniques€for€long-term€management€of€forests€for€timber€production€inÐ ÐL Ðharmony€with€other€uses€including€wilderness€and€parks.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àTheory,€instrumentation,€and€methods€of€mensuration€for€estimating€timber€growth,€yield,Ð ¨$ Ðand€quality.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àCultural€techniques€including€spacing,€fertilization,€liming,€and€irrigation€for€the€productionÐ € ü Ðof€timber-related€crops€from€improved€strains.Ð @$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àChristmas€tree€culture.ÐX"Ô!@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€improvement€of€biological€efficiency€through€breeding€and€selection.Ð 0$¬ # Ð(Use€RPA€301).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€trees€to€enhance€rural€and€urban€environment.€(Use€RPA€905).Ð&„"%|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð à'\$' ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ + (+ Ðà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à4820à € àProtection€against€floodÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à4850à € àProtection€against€birdsÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€111€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ   Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ  | Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ì h Ðà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐØ T €$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ ° ,  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˆ  ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð `Ü  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð LÈ ÐÐ  8´ Ðòòò òRPA€112.à | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€RANGE€RESOURCESóóó óÐ „ ÐÌResearch€seeks€to€maintain€and€improve€the€productive€capacity€of€range€ecosystems.€NativeÏrange€in€the€United€States€includes€over€900€million€acres.€It€represents€a€continuum€of€sitesÏand€productivity€potential€from€the€deserts€of€the€Southwest€to€the€prairies€of€the€Midwest€andÏfrom€the€sea-level€grasslands€of€Florida€to€the€Alpine€¢herblands£€of€the€high€Rockies.ÏRangelands€are€important€as€a€source€of€feed€for€beef€cattle€and€sheep,€in€watershedÏprotection,€soil€stabilization,€wildlife€habitat,€and€recreation.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àRange€characteristics€including€identification,€physiological€requirements,€and€nutritiveÐ Ü X  Ðvalue€of€forage€plants.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àUnderstanding€range€ecosystems€and€their€biotic€and€physical€components.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àProjecting€future€demand€for€range€forage€and€other€benefits€normally€related€to€the€wiseÐ    Ðuse€of€rangelands.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àImprovement€through€breeding€and€selection€of€browse€plants€for€forage€as€well€as€forÐ xô Ðprotection€and€aesthetic€purposes.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPractices€for€conversion€of€brush€and€low-value€trees€to€grassland.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àRevegetation€of€deteriorated€areas€by€seeding€desirable€species,€including€improvementÐ <¸ Ðthrough€breeding€and€selection€of€range€forage€plants.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àSystems€for€managing€ranges€including€fertilization,€mechanization,€grazing€pressure,€andÐ  Ðdrainage€so€as€to€increase€forage€yields.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àManagement€practices€that€will€harmonize€grazing€with€timber€growing,€wildlife,€recreation,Ð ìh Ðand€other€land€uses.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€protection€against€insects,€etc.€(Use€RPA€207).Ð °, Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€protection€against€diseases,€etc.€(Use€RPA€208).Ð œ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€protection€against€weeds,€etc.€(Use€RPA€209).Ð ˆ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àResearch€on€protection€against€fire.€(Use€RPA€203).Ð tð Ðà @ àà ü à(5)à | àResearch€on€protection€against€poisonous€plants.€(Use€RPA€213).Ð `Ü ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 8!´  ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à5200à € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ „)&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð \+Ø'+ ÐÌà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ 4-°)- ÐÐ   .œ*. Ðòòò òRPA€113.à | àREMOTE€SENSINGóóó óÐ „ ÐÌPrograms€in€agriculture€and€forestry€are€heavily€dependent€on€having€timely€information€forÏdecision-making.€Opportunities€for€increasing€and€sustaining€the€productivity€of€naturalÏresources€and€for€facilitating€product€flows€in€agriculture€are€dependent€on€accurate,Ïcomprehensive,€and€timely€information€on€resource€use,€availability,€productivity€potential,€andÏother€characteristics.€The€paucity€of€such€information€is€a€major€obstacle€in€the€economicÏdevelopment€of€the€undeveloped€regions€of€the€world€and€a€significant€obstacle€to€theÏformulation€of€important€policies€and€programs€in€the€more€fully€developed€regions.ÌÌGenerally€such€information€on€natural€resources€has€been€obtained€from€ground€surveys.€TheseÏsurveys€are€costly,€and,€in€the€more€remote€and€inaccessible€regions€of€the€world,€they€areÏdifficult€if€not€impossible€to€make.ÌÌThe€space€age€offers€new,€potentially€powerful€tools€for€use€in€the€development€of€informationÏgathering€systems.€Ways€to€exploit€the€advantages€of€earth-orbiting€spacecraft,€in€addition€toÏhigh€flying€aircraft,€in€acquiring€many€types€of€data€need€to€be€explored.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àIdentifying€and€describing€¢emittance£€and€reflectance€properties€of€biological€and€physicalÐ (¤ Ðmaterials€through€spectrophotometric€analyses.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àIdentifying€the€single€or€combined€wavelengths€in€the€electromagnetic€spectrum€that€willÐ | Ðyield€unique€and€consistent€imagery€as€it€is€acquired€from€progressively€higher€altitudes.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àSpecifying€the€minimum€accuracy€standards€of€data€required€for€various€agricultural€andÐ ØT Ðforestry€applications.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àIdentification€and€analyses€of€economic€benefits€of€the€application€of€remote€sensingÐ °, Ðtechnology€to€agriculture,€forestry,€and€community€planning.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àIntegrating€remote€sensing€components,€sampling€devices,€and€data€analysis€methods€intoÐ ˆ Ðworkable€information€gathering€systems.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€remote€sensing€of€fire,€lightning,€and€fire-related€phenomena.€(UseÐ L È ÐRPA€203).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€specific€problem€identification,€such€as€insect€infestations,€andÐ $" ! Ðinventories€and€surveys.€(Use€appropriate€RPA).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ „)&) Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ p*ì&* ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð H,Ä(, ÐÌà @ à0100-2800,€3900,€6100,€6700€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð   /ˆ+/ Ðòòò òRPA€114.à | àRESEARCH€ON€MANAGEMENT€OF€RESEARCHóóó óÐ „ ÐÌThe€resources€which€would€be€required€to€effectively€conduct€the€research€on€all€theÏresearchable€problems€confronting€us€greatly€exceed€those€available.€Thus,€it€is€necessary€toÏdecide€which€research€should€be€supported€and€the€level€of€funding.€To€date€there€is€a€paucityÏof€information€available€to€make€such€decisions.€Consequently,€it€is€essential€to€conductÏresearch€which€will€lead€to€more€reliable€estimates€of€the€benefits€and€costs€of€specific€researchÏproposals€so€that€the€objectivity€of€the€decision-making€process€can€be€improved.€Research€onÏresearch€management€also€involves€such€things€as€studies€on€maximizing€employee€andÏresearch€facility€productivity,€and€on€coordination€of€research€effort€among€scientists€throughoutÏthe€nation.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDeveloping€criteria€and€techniques€for€evaluating€research€accomplishments€and€researchÐ    Ðproposals.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€to€measure€the€productivity€of€individual€scientists€and€of€researchÐ xô Ðorganizations.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àExploring€ways€to€create€the€kind€of€climate€and€incentives€for€researchers€that€will€motivateÐ PÌ Ðthem€toward€more€effective€research€productivity.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àExploring€ways€to€maximize€the€productive€use€of€costly,€specialized€facilities€andÐ (¤ Ðequipment.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDetermining€the€needs€and€methods€for€developing,€maintaining,€and€renewing€the€level€ofÐ | Ðproficiency€of€scientists.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àExamining€the€interrelationships€between€teaching€and€research.ÐØT@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDeveloping€more€effective€means€of€communication€among€scientists,€and€betweenÐ Ä@ Ðscientists€and€potential€users€of€research€findings.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àEvaluating€the€roles€of€cooperation€and€competition€among€scientists€and€researchÐ œ Ðorganizations€in€striving€for€productivity€and€efficiency€in€the€research€effort€of€the€nationÏas€a€whole.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð L È ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à7100à € àImprovement€of€research€administrationÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à7200à € àInformation€documentation€and€retrievalÐ è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à6900à € àResearch€on€research€management€(not€research€management€òòperóó€òòseóó)Ð ˜(%( ÐÐ „)&) ÐÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@‚‚'ìàòòGOAL€IIóóˆÐ „ ÐÌò òòòPROTECT€FORESTS,€CROPS,€AND€LIVESTOCK€FROM€INSECTS,Ð \Ø ÐDISEASES,€AND€OTHER€HAZARDSÌóóó óÌÌLower€unit€costs€and€reduced€risks€result€from€eradication€or€control€of€diseases€and€pests€andÏelimination€of€such€hazards€of€the€environment€as€climatic€extremes,€pollution,€and€otherÏstresses.€Serious€fluctuations€in€farm€and€forest€product€supplies€can€be€avoided€when€theseÏproduction€hazards€are€reduced€or€eliminated.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€201-214,€inclusive.ÌÐ  ÔP  Ðòòò òRPA€201.à | àCONTROL€OF€INSECTS€AFFECTING€FORESTSóóó óÐ „ ÐÌInsects€exact€a€heavy€toll€of€trees€of€all€ages€each€year€killing€many,€and€damaging€andÏreducing€the€growth€of€surviving€trees.€Wildlife€habitats€are€changed€and€fire€danger€isÏincreased.€Water€yield€may€be€altered€and€recreation€use€of€forests€reduced.€Forest€insectÏresearch€can€provide€the€information€needed€to€reduce€the€continuing€losses€in€productivity€andÏvalue€of€forests€and€forest€products,€including€Christmas€trees.€A€sustained€flow€of€newÏinformation€provides€the€basis€for€safe,€effective€methods€of€control.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€biosystematics,€biology,€ecology,€physiology,€pathology,€and€genetics€of€forest€insectsÐ Ü X  Ðand€associated€organisms.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àFactors€that€predispose€forest€trees€to€insect€attack.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àPopulation€dynamics€of€forest€insects€for€early€detection€of€trends€and€the€role€of€biologicalÐ    Ðand€environmental€factors€affecting€outbreaks.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEarly€detection€of€potentially€damaging€outbreaks€of€insect€populations€by€remote€sensing,Ð xô Ðbiological€sensors,€and€other€techniques.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCultural€techniques€and€integrated€control€systems€to€reduce€insect€damage.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àParasites,€predators,€and€diseases€for€control€of€damaging€insects.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àSafer€and€more€specific€chemical€and€biotic€insecticides€including€systemics.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àIdentifying€and€synthesizing€insect€attractants€and€repellents.Ð@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àDirect€and€indirect€control€through€radiation,€chemical€sterilization,€hormonal€disturbance,Ð | Ðand€sound.Ð @$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àEquipment€and€methods€for€applying€controls.ÐØT@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àProtecting€Christmas€trees€against€insects.ÐÄ@@$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€trees€for€resistance€to€insects.а,@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€control€of€disease€vectors.€(Use€RPA€202).Ð ˆ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€trees€to€enhance€the€environment.€(Use€RPA€905).Ð tð ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð L È ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ü#x # ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ¬'($' Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ ˜(%( ÐÐ  „)&) Ðòòò òRPA€202.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€DISEASES,€PARASITES,€AND€NEMATODESÐ „ ÐAFFECTING€FORESTSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌForest€disease€research€is€essential€to€protect€and€enhance€the€social€and€economic€value€ofÏtrees€in€forests€and€farm€¢woodlots£.€Diseases€reduce€the€utility€of€trees€for€recreation,€wildlifeÏhabitat,€and€timber€production.€They€kill€trees,€discolor€foliage,€retard€growth,€and€cause€decayÏleading€to€breakage€and€windfall.€Prolonged€droughts,€wet€periods,€and€changing€climaticÏconditions€accentuate€tree€disease€problems.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àTaxonomy,€cultural€characteristics,€nutritional€requirements,€enzyme€systems,€physiologyÐ Œ  Ðand€ecology€of€pathogens€(fungi,€bacteria,€viruses,€nematodes,€and€mistletoes),€andÏassociated€organisms€in€trees€and€in€the€soil€in€which€they€grow.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEpidemiology€of€major€destructive€diseases€and€methods€of€quantifying€their€impact€onÐ ÔP  Ðtrees€and€forests.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àNature€and€action€of€noninfectious€causes€of€tree€diseases€(climatic€and€weather€variations,Ð ¬( Ðenvironmental€stresses,€and€nutritional€imbalances).Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àCultural€practices€which€deter€the€spread€and€increase€of€pathogens.Є@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEffectiveness€of€parasitic,€predatory,€and€antagonistic€organisms€for€biological€control€ofÐ pì Ðpathogens.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àPhysiological€and€biochemical€bases€for€safe€and€effective€biological€and€chemical€diseaseÐ HÄ Ðcontrol€measures.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEquipment€for€application€of€spray€materials.Ð œ@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àControl€of€insect€vectors€of€disease€pathogens.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àProtection€of€forest€nurseries€and€Christmas€trees€against€diseases.Ðøt@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€trees€for€resistance€to€diseases.Ðä`@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€trees€to€enhance€the€environment.€(Use€RPA€905).Ð ¼8 ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ” ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ D#À" ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð %˜!$ ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð  Ì(H%( Ðòòò òRPA€203.à0 | àPREVENTION€AND€CONTROL€OF€FOREST€AND€RANGE€FIRESóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌFire€research€develops€the€knowledge€for€safeguarding€more€than€one€billion€acres€of€publicÏand€private€forest€and€range€lands.€Fires€create€air€and€water€pollution,€damage€outdoorÏrecreation,€destroy€natural€beauty,€injure€natural€resource-based€industries,€sweep€ruralÏcommunities€and€even€cities,€and€take€human€lives.€More€than€150,000€forest€fires€occurÏannually.€Development€of€new€fire€prevention€methods€to€reduce€the€number€of€fires,€newÏtechnology€for€fuel€hazard€reduction,€and€improved€systems€for€fire€detection€and€effectiveÏattack€on€threatening€fires€is€needed.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àAtmospheric€system€dynamics,€patterns,€and€characteristics.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€physics€and€chemistry€of€combustion.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€behavior€of€fires€as€influenced€by€fire-starting€agents,€atmospheric€circulation,€and€localÐ    Ðweather,€fuels,€and€topography.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àFire€intelligence€systems,€including€electronic€methods,€remote€sensing,€automaticÐ xô Ðmeasurement€of€fire€environment,€and€computer€integration€of€these€factors€into€a€fireÏdanger€rating€system.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPrevention€of€lightning€fires€and€alteration€of€precipitation€through€weather€modification.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àReduction€of€fuel€hazards€through€physical,€chemical,€and€prescribed€fire€treatments.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àAerial€and€ground€procedures€for€fighting€fires.Ð@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àIntegrated€fire€control€and€forest€management€systems€which€minimize€fire€losses.Ð|@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð °, ÐÌà @ à4810à € àProtection€against€fireÐ ˆ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð 8!´  Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ $" ! Ðà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ  #Œ" Ðòòò òRPA€204.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€INSECTS,€MITES,€SLUGS,€AND€SNAILS€ON€FRUITÐ „ ÐAND€VEGETABLE€CROPSóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌControl€of€these€pests€is€a€major€item€in€production€costs€of€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€treeÏnuts.€Growers€currently€spend€large€sums€each€year€for€control€measures€and€still€sustainÏserious€losses.€The€problem€is€made€more€difficult€by€the€large€number€of€plant€species€involvedÏand€by€the€diversity€among€the€insects€attacking€these€species.€Associated€with€the€insectÏproblems€are€insecticide€residue€problems.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiological€control€through€use€of€predators,€parasites,€diseases,€male€sterility€techniques,Ð Œ  Ðand€chemical€and€physical€attractants€to€lure€insects€into€areas€where€they€can€beÏdestroyed.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€fruits€and€vegetables€for€resistance€to€insects,€mites,€slugs,€andÐ ÔP  Ðsnails.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àStudies€on€the€genetic,€nutritional,€and€environmental€factors€that€govern€the€activities€ofÐ ¬( Ðthese€pests.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€to€prevent€introduction€of€new€pests€from€foreign€sources.Є@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àStudies€on€the€mechanisms€by€which€these€pests€become€resistant€to€chemical€controls.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àSearch€for€effective,€safe,€non-persistent€chemical€controls.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€improved€methods€and€equipment€for€applying€chemical€controls.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€control€of€insect€vectors.€(Use€RPA€205).Ð  œ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€to€alleviate€soil,€water,€and€air€pollution.€(Use€RPA€901).Ð  ˆ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ” ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð D#À" Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ Ì(H%( ÐÐ  ¸)4&) Ðòòò òRPA€205.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€DISEASES€AND€NEMATODES€OF€FRUIT€ANDÐ „ ÐVEGETABLE€CROPSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌControl€of€diseases€of€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€tree€nuts€is€expensive,€imperfect€andÏsometimes€extremely€difficult.€Growers€spend€large€sums€each€year€in€order€to€achieve€partialÏcontrol€of€the€fungi,€bacteria,€viruses,€and€nematodes€that€cause€diseases.€Even€with€theseÏefforts,€diseases€reduce€crop€yields€substantially.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€fruits€and€vegetables€for€resistance€to€diseases.Ð$   @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àCrop€sequence€and€soil€management€in€relation€to€soil€borne€diseases.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMicro-ecological€studies€of€the€soil€in€relation€to€soil€borne€diseases.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àNon-chemical€control€methods,€such€as€use€of€hot€water,€dry€heat,€or€irradiation€of€seed€andÐ èd  Ðtissues€for€propagation€of€disease-free€stock.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCrop€sanitation€and€cultural€technique€studies€including€use€of€soil€amendments.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMethods€of€detecting€minute€traces€of€disease€¢inoculum£.Ь(@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEffective€and€less€hazardous€fungicides,€¢bactericides£,€and€¢nematicides£.И@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€and€equipment€for€applying€soil€fumigants,€sprays,€or€dusts€to€soils€or€plants.Є@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àControl€or€elimination€of€vectors€of€plant€disease.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àExclusion€of€foreign€diseases.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àPhysiological€studies€of€noninfectious€diseases.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àEpidemiological€and€related€meteorological€studies€as€aids€to€disease€avoidance€andÐ 4° Ðcontrol.Ð @$@$ Ð(m)à0 @ àEnvironmental€control€to€suppress€disease€development.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(n)à0 @ àImproved€methods€of€producing,€indexing,€and€distributing€virus-free€propagating€stocks.Ðøt@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ € ü ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ &„"% Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  ¤* '* Ðòòò òRPA€206.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€WEEDS€AND€OTHER€HAZARDS€OF€FRUIT€ANDÐ „ ÐVEGETABLE€CROPSóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌControl€of€weeds€and€other€hazards€of€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€tree€nuts€is€a€major€itemÏin€the€cost€of€producing€these€crops.€Other€hazards€include€mice,€birds,€rabbits€and€other€formsÏof€wildlife,€hail,€frost,€and€other€climatic€extremes.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiological€control€of€weeds.Ð8 ´ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€relationship€of€plant€anatomy,€morphology,€and€physiology€to€the€absorption€andÐ $    Ðtranslocation€of€herbicides.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMechanism€of€action€of€herbicides.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSearch€for€more€effective,€faster€degrading,€and€less€hazardous€herbicides.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àProduction€practices€to€inhibit€or€prevent€weed€growth.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproved€methods€and€equipment€for€herbicide€application€with€special€attention€to€controlÐ À< Ðof€drift.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àControl€methods€including€attractants€and€repellents€for€rabbits,€rodents,€birds,€deer,€andÐ ˜ Ðother€destructive€forms€of€wildlife.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMore€effective€methods€of€minimizing€losses€from€factors€such€as€frost,€hail,€wind,€and€otherÐ pì Ðenvironmental€extremes.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ ä` Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð ÐL Ðà @ à4850à € àProtection€against€birdsÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ ¨$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð € ü ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð X"Ô! Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð D#À" Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à6100à € àWeedsÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ à'\$' ÐÐ  Ì(H%( Ðòòò òRPA€207.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€INSECTS,€MITES,€SNAILS,€AND€SLUGS€Ð „ ÐAFFECTING€FIELD€CROPS€AND€RANGEóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌControl€of€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€adds€greatly€to€production€costs.€In€spite€of€largeÏoutlays,€it€is€estimated€that€insects€destroy€about€10€percent€of€all€field€crops€each€year.€It€hasÏbecome€necessary€to€abandon€many€well€established€control€practices€because€of€residue€andÏpollution€problems.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àStudy€of€heritable€traits,€breeding,€and€selection€to€improve€resistance€to€insects,€mites,Ð $    Ðsnails,€and€slugs.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àBiological€control€of€insects,€etc.,€through€use€of€predators.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àInsect€population€suppression€through€use€of€techniques€to€induce€male€sterility€andÐ èd  Ðthrough€use€of€chemical€and€physical€attractants€to€lure€insects€into€areas€where€they€canÏbe€destroyed.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSearch€for€more€effective€and€safer€insecticides.Ь(@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àImproved€methods€and€equipment€for€applying€insecticides.И@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àGenetic,€nutritional,€and€environmental€factors€that€govern€the€activities€of€insects.Є@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àProduction€and€cultural€practices€that€minimize€losses€from€insects.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àStudies€of€the€mechanisms€by€which€insects€become€resistant€to€insecticides.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àMethods€to€prevent€introduction€of€harmful€insects€from€foreign€sources.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€control€of€insect€vectors.€(Use€RPA€208).Ð  œ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€to€alleviate€soil,€water,€and€air€pollution.€(Use€RPA€901).Ð  ˆ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ” ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ D#À" Ðà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ &„"% Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð ¸)4&) Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ + (+ Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€207€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐñTñÌñTñÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð (¤ Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€cropsÐ   Ðà @ à6500à0 € àInvertebratesÐ |€$€$ Ðà @ à6700à0 € àPlantsÐ ì h€$€$ Ðòòò òRPA€208.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€DISEASES€AND€NEMATODES€OF€FIELD€CROPSÐ „ ÐAND€RANGEóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌControl€of€diseases€is€essential€in€order€to€provide€an€adequate€supply€of€food,€feed,€and€fiber.ÏGrowers€currently€are€spending€large€sums€to€achieve€partial€control€of€the€fungi,€bacteria,Ïnematodes,€and€viruses€that€attack€field,€range,€and€pasture€crops.€Even€at€this€level€of€effort,Ïdiseases€reduce€yields€substantially.€Man€is€constantly€challenged€by€newly€developed€racesÏof€disease€organisms.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àStudy€of€heritable€traits,€breeding,€and€selection€of€field€and€range€crops€to€improveÐ Œ  Ðresistance€to€diseases.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àCrop€sequence€and€soil€management€in€relation€to€soil€borne€diseases.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffective€and€less€hazardous€fungicides,€¢bactericides£,€and€¢nematicides£.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€and€equipment€for€applying€soil€fumigants,€sprays,€or€dusts€to€soils€or€plants.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMicro-ecological€studies€of€the€soil€in€relation€to€soil€borne€diseases.Ь(@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àNon-chemical€control€methods,€such€as€use€of€hot€water,€dry€heat,€or€irradiation€to€obtainÐ ˜ Ðdisease-free€seed€and€tissue€for€propagation.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àCrop€sanitation€and€cultural€technique€studies.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€of€detecting€minute€traces€of€disease€¢inoculum£.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àControl€or€elimination€of€vectors€of€plant€disease.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àExclusion€of€foreign€diseases.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àEnvironmental€control€to€suppress€disease€development.Ð œ@$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àEpidemiological€and€related€meteorological€studies€as€aids€to€disease€avoidance€andÐ  ˆ Ðcontrol.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€breeding€and€selection€of€plants€for€reduced€content€of€inherent€toxicÐ ÐL Ðcomponents.€(Use€RPA€405).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ” ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ D#À" ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð %˜!$ ÐÌà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð + (+ Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€208€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐñUñÌñUñÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ (¤ Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ   Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð  | Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð ì h Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ ° ,  Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð œ  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  ˆ  Ðòòò òRPA€209.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€WEEDS€AND€OTHER€HAZARDS€OF€FIELD€CROPSÐ „ ÐAND€RANGEóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌWeeds€and€other€hazards€of€field€crops€and€their€control€adds€substantially€to€costs€per€unit€ofÏproduction.€Research€is€directed€at€ways€to€reduce€these€costs.€Hazards€other€than€weedsÏinclude€birds,€other€wildlife,€frost,€and€other€environmental€factors.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiological€control€of€weeds.Ð8 ´ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffective,€less€hazardous€herbicides.Ð$   @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€relationship€of€plant€anatomy,€morphology,€and€physiology€to€the€absorption€andÐ Œ  Ðtranslocation€of€herbicides.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMechanism€of€action€of€herbicides.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àProduction€practices€including€cultivation€and€flaming€to€inhibit€or€prevent€weed€growth.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àControl€methods€including€repellents€and€attractants€for€birds,€rabbits,€rodents,€deer,€andÐ À< Ðother€destructive€forms€of€wildlife.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àTechniques€for€application€of€herbicides€with€special€attention€to€control€of€drift.И@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMore€effective€methods€of€minimizing€losses€from€factors€such€as€frost,€hail,€wind,€and€otherÐ „ Ðenvironmental€extremes.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð HÄ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  œ ÐÌà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ øt Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð ä` Ðà @ à4850à € àProtection€against€birdsÐ ÐL Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ l!è  Ðà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð X"Ô! Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ D#À" Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð + (+ Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€cropsÐ  T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€209€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6100à € àWeedsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ    Ðòòò òRPA€210.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€INSECTS€AND€EXTERNAL€PARASITESÐ „ ÐAFFECTING€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHERÏANIMALSóóÐÄ@|$|$ Ðó óÌA€variety€of€pests€and€external€parasites€reduce€animal€productivity€or€act€as€vectors€in€theÏtransmission€of€livestock€and€poultry€diseases.€Pests€irritate€and€torment€livestock€throughoutÏthe€year€in€all€parts€of€the€United€States.€Economic€losses€result€from€reduced€efficiency€ofÏweight€gains€and€milk€and€egg€production,€as€well€as€the€added€expense€of€labor€charges€andÏdrug€costs.€Methods€of€control€have€been€developed,€but€they€are€less€than€adequate,€eitherÏbecause€of€difficulty€and€expense€or€lack€of€effectiveness.€Suppression€of€the€screw€worm€byÏrelease€of€males€made€sterile€by€nuclear€radiation€is€an€example€of€successful€application€ofÏresearch.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiology€and€life€history€of€the€pest.Ðôp@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àUse€and€development€of€irradiation,€chemosterilants,€attractants,€repellents,€and€otherÐ à\ Ðnon-insecticidal€approaches€to€insect€control.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAbsorption,€metabolism,€and€excretion€of€insecticides€by€insects€feeding€on€or€in€animals.и4@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àBiological€control€of€insects€through€use€of€predators.Ф @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àThe€nature€of€insect€resistance€to€chemical€controls.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€alternative€control€methods.Ð|ø@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€methods€and€equipment€for€applying€or€using€control€materials.Ðhä@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€control€of€insect€vectors€of€disease.€(Use€RPA€211).Ð@¼|$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ ,¨ Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ðl ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÈD ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ  !  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð x#ô" ЀÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ P%Ì!$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð <&¸"% Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ ('¤#& Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð ($' Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ )|%( Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ ì)h&) Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð Ø*T'* Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ Ä+@(+ Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  °,,), Ðòòò òRPA€211.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€DISEASES€OF€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,€FISH,€ANDÐ „ ÐOTHER€ANIMALSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌDiseases€represent€a€major€hazard€to€the€production€of€an€adequate€and€wholesome€supply€ofÏanimal€products.€They€are€a€constant€threat€to€the€economic€welfare€of€the€livestock,€poultry,Ïand€fish€producer.€Losses€result€from€mortality,€reduced€productivity,€cost€of€treatment€orÏimmunization,€cost€of€regulatory€programs,€and€condemnation€of€meat€at€the€processing€plant.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€nature€of€the€causative€agents€involved€in€animal€diseases.Ð$   @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMechanisms€of€disease€resistance€and€immunity.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€interrelationship€of€environment,€genetics,€and€infectious€agents€in€the€etiology€ofÐ üx  Ðdiseases.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€of€diagnosis,€prevention,€treatment,€control,€and€eradication€of€diseases,€includingÐ ÔP  Ðdevelopment€of€equipment.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMethods€of€keeping€infectious€diseases,€such€as€foot-and-mouth€disease€and€rinderpest,Ð ¬( Ðout€of€this€country.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€alternative€control€methods.Є@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€information€on€disease€transmission€by€insects€and€other€ectoparasites.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€for€disease€resistance.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àControl€of€insect€vectors€of€disease.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€disorders€due€to€improper€nutrition.€(Use€RPA€311).Ð  œ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€disorders€resulting€from€pollution.€(Use€RPA€214).Ð  ˆ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àResearch€on€bloat€and€disorders€due€to€ingestion€of€toxic€plants,€etc.€(Use€RPAÐ øt Ð213).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àResearch€on€environmental€stress.€(Use€RPA€312).Ð ÐL Ðà @ àà ü à(5)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ ¼8 Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð € ü ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ 0$¬ # ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð &„"% ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ + (+ Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ  T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€211€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð (¤ Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð    Ðòòò òRPA€212.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€INTERNAL€PARASITES€OF€LIVESTOCK,Ð „ ÐPOULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌParasites,€such€as€various€kinds€of€worms,€flukes,€and€coccidia€cause€losses€in€all€parts€of€theÏcountry€and€in€all€seasons.€Severe€infestations€of€parasites€may€cause€heavy€direct€losses€toÏthe€livestock€or€fish€producer.€Losses€include€mortality,€reduced€yield,€condemnation€of€meat,Ïfeed€wastage,€and€cost€of€drugs.€Available€treatments€or€control€measures€are€still€inadequateÏeven€for€the€parasites€that€have€been€the€subject€of€considerable€research.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiotic€relationships€in€parasitism.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àControl€by€biological€methods€and€management€practices€that€minimize€reliance€onÐ üx  Ðchemicals.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àSafe€chemical€means€including€systemics€for€combating€parasites.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffective€means€of€diagnosing€parasitic€infestation.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEvaluation€and€development€of€control€methods€and€equipment.Ь(@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àStudy€of€heritable€traits,€breeding,€and€selection€to€improve€resistance€to€parasites.И@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€€andÐ pì Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€insects,€ticks,€leeches,€and€mites.€(Use€RPA€210).Ð HÄ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð  œ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð øt ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ ÐL ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ € ü Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð l!è  Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð D#À" Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  Ì(H%( Ðòòò òRPA€213.à0 | àPROTECT€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSÐ „ ÐFROM€TOXIC€CHEMICALS,€POISONOUS€PLANTS,€AND€OTHERÏHAZARDSóóó óÐÄ@|$|$ ÐÌLivestock,€poultry,€and€fish€may€suffer€losses€in€productivity€from€toxic€chemicals,€pesticides,Ïpoisonous€plants,€predators,€ingestion€of€metal€and€other€foreign€bodies,€and€other€hazards.ÏPoisonous€plants€can€cause€heavy€losses,€particularly€when€pasture€or€range€feed€supplies€areÏshort€or€at€seasons€of€the€year€when€these€plants€are€not€discriminated€against€by€the€grazingÏanimal.€Predators€cause€heavy€damage€to€sheep,€turkeys,€and€farm„raised€fish.€Bloat€is€aÏserious€problem€among€ruminants.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€the€specific€sites€and€mechanisms€of€poisoning,€bloat,€and€other€disorders€inÐ ˜  Ðorder€to€learn€the€bases€of€these€phenomena.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€toxicology€and€safe€levels€of€residues€of€pesticides€and€other€chemicals,€natural€orÐ ôp Ðsynthetic,€used€directly€on€or€ingested€by€livestock€and€poultry.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€of€reducing€the€ingestion€of€pesticides€or€other€chemicals€in€or€on€animal€feeds.ÐÌH@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àThe€specific€reasons€for€inter-species€differences€in€¢detoxication£€mechanisms€andÐ ¸4 Ðsensitivity€to€poisoning€by€pesticides€and€other€chemicals.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€animal€management€practices€that€minimize€the€use€of€pesticides€and€otherÐ   Ðchemicals€that€leave€toxic€residues€or€that€reduce€the€level€of€such€residues.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àPrevention€or€alleviation€of€"hardware€disease,"€and€the€effects€of€plants€that€cause€bloat,Ð hä Ðpoisoning,€or€deformities€of€livestock.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€for€combating€nuclear€radiation€hazards€to€livestock.Ð@¼@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€for€reducing€animal€losses€from€predators.Ð,¨@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àDeveloping€necessary€equipment.Д@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€of€feed€crops€for€reduced€content€of€toxic€components.Ð ðl Ð(Use€RPA€405).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€pesticides€applied€to€or€ingested€by€livestock€and€poultry€when€€theÐ ÈD Ðemphasis€is€clearly€on€reduction€of€the€toxic€content€of€foods.€(Use€RPA€701).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ  !  Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð d$à # ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð <&¸"% ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ($' Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ )|%( Ðà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ ì)h&) Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ Ø*T'* Ðà @ à4880à € àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ Ä+@(+ Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ °,,), ÐÐ  œ-*- Ðò òRPA€213€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ(¤€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð   Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ  | Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð ì h Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ Ä @  Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð œ  ÐÐ  ˆ  Ðòòò òRPA€214.à0 | àPROTECTION€OF€PLANTS,€ANIMALS,€AND€MAN€FROMÐ „ ÐHARMFUL€EFFECTS€OF€POLLUTIONóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌPesticides,€salts,€sewage,€cannery,€textile,€and€animal€wastes€are€generally€consideredÏobjectionable€when€they€occur€as€pollutants.€Under€some€conditions€they€may€be€detrimentalÏor€cause€effects€detrimental€to€specific€plants€or€animals.ÌÌAir€pollutants€such€as€sulfur€dioxide,€ethylene,€and€fluorides€have€long€been€recognized€asÏharmful€to€vegetation.€Recently,€increasing€importance€has€been€attached€to€photochemical€airÏpollution.€Examples€of€plant€damage€are:€fluoride€damage€to€corn,€citrus,€and€trees;€ethyleneÏdamage€to€cotton;€and€ozone€damage€to€cotton,€grapes,€tobacco,€and€trees.ÌÌFluorides€cause€a€serious€malady€in€cattle€known€as€¢fluorosis£.€Laboratory€experiments€withÏanimals€show€that€certain€irritants€common€in€polluted€air€can€increase€susceptibility€toÏrespiratory€infection€and€increase€mortality.ÌÌThe€pollutants€which€affect€plants€and€animals€may€also€affect€man.€Smog€may€cause€eyeÏirritation€and€increase€the€severity€of€respiratory€ailments.€Air€borne€allergens,€such€as€pollens,Ïcause€suffering€to€those€susceptible€to€them.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àSources€and€concentrations€of€damaging€pollutants€and€the€intensity€and€frequency€ofÐ 4° Ðoccurrence€of€damage.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethodology€and€instrumentation€for€detection€of€pollutants€and€methods€of€analysis.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àTolerance€of€plants,€animals,€man,€and€insects€to€pollutants,€singly€and€in€combinations,Ð øt Ðespecially€to€low-level€pollution€for€prolonged€periods€of€time.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€and€equipment€for€protecting€plants,€animals,€and€man€from€pollutants.ÐÐL@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€plants€and€animals€resistant€to€pollution.м8@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€noise.€(Use€RPA€312).Ð ” Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€trees€to€enhance€rural€and€urban€environment.€(Use€RPA€905).Ð € ü Ðà @ àà0 ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€alleviation€of€pollution.€(Use€RPA€901).Ðl!è ü$ü$ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àResearch€on€ornamentals€and€turf.€(Use€RPA€906).Ð X"Ô! ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 0$¬ # ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð &„"% ÐÌà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ ¤* '* ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð |,ø(, ÐÌà @ à0500-1200,€1400-2100,€2300-3400,€4000€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ð T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€214€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ (¤ Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ   Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  | Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð ì h ÐÐ  Ø T  ÐÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@ff&ìàòòGOAL€IIIóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òPRODUCE€AN€ADEQUATE€SUPPLY€OF€FARM€AND€FOREST€PRODUCTSÐ \Ø ÐAT€DECREASING€REAL€PRODUCTION€COSTSÌóóó óÌÌFood€and€fiber€supplies€must€be€increased€in€order€to€meet€rising€domestic€needs€of€our€growingÏpopulation€and€allow€for€expansion€of€exports€of€food€and€fiber€to€other€nations.€ConsumptionÏof€farm€and€forest€products€can€be€increased€and€their€competitive€position€in€domestic€andÏforeign€markets€improved€by€reducing€production€costs.€Of€particular€concern€are€those€farmÏproducts€which€are€under€pressure€from€synthetics€and€imports.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€301-318,€inclusive.ÌÐ  À< Ðòòò òRPA€301.à0 | àGENETICS€AND€BREEDING€OF€FOREST€TREESóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌForest€practice€today€is€based€largely€on€unimproved€forest€trees.€Unlike€crop€plants,€trees€haveÏnot€undergone€centuries€of€controlled€selection€and€breeding€to€make€them€more€useful€to€man.ÏThere€is€strong€evidence€that€through€application€of€genetic€principles€we€can€produce€treeÏvarieties€that€grow€faster,€resist€most€major€destructive€pests,€have€specified€wood€properties,Ïor€yield€more€sap€or€gum.€It€should€be€feasible€to€develop€straighter€form,€fewer€limbs,€andÏresistance€to€insects,€diseases,€and€climatic€extremes.€Quality€and€yield€of€timber-related€cropsÏsuch€as€naval€stores,€maple€sap,€and€Christmas€trees€can€be€improved€through€application€ofÏresearch€findings.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àReproductive€processes€to€induce€early€flowering€and€seed€production.д0 @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àIndividual€and€geographic€variation€within€important€tree€species.Р @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àGenetic€and€breeding€methods,€including€the€induction€of€mutations€to€improve€forestÐ Œ Ðspecies€through€breeding.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSelection€and€breeding€of€trees€that€are€superior€for€the€production€of€high€quality€timberÐ dà Ðand€timber-related€products.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€ornamentals.€(Use€RPA€906).Ð (¤ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€shade€trees€(0615,€0624,€and€0625).€(Use€RPA€905€or€906).Ð  Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€management€practices.€(Use€RPA€111).Ð | Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àBreeding€and€selection€of€trees€for€insect€resistance.€(Use€RPA€201).Ð ìh Ðà @ à€€à ü à(5)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€of€trees€for€disease€resistance.€(Use€RPA€202).ÐØT|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð °, ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ `Ü Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ L È Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ $" ! Ðà @ à5100à € àIncreasing€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsÐ #Œ" ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð è$d!$ ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€302.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€FOREST€ENGINEERING€SYSTEMSóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌImproved€forest€engineering€systems€can€reduce€timber€harvesting€costs,€increase€and€stabilizeÏrural€payrolls,€reduce€accidents,€and€provide€higher€returns€to€industry.€Over€100€billion€boardÏfeet€of€timber€in€Alaska€and€the€western€States€are€inaccessible€due€to€the€high€cost€of€roadÏconstruction,€steep€terrain,€soil€conditions,€and€lack€of€equipment€suitable€for€timber€harvesting.ÏIn€other€States,€because€of€the€high€proportion€of€small-size€timber€and€the€high€percentage€ofÏdefective€timber,€the€economic€feasibility€of€harvesting€is€limited.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àHarvesting€systems€for€difficult€access€terrain.ÐÜ X @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àLow-cost€bulk€transport€of€wood€chips.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àHarvesting€systems€for€low-quality€timber€in€areas€such€as€Appalachia€and€the€Lake€States.д0 @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMechanization€of€production€of€specialized€timber€crops€such€as€naval€stores€andÐ    ÐChristmas€trees.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMechanized€systems€for€regeneration€of€timber.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDesign€of€equipment€for€safe€handling€of€timber€and€other€forest€products.Ðdà@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€design€of€watershed€structures€and€runoff€control€systems.€(UseÐ <¸ ÐRPA€107).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€management€systems€and€special€equipment€and€facilities€which€willÐ  Ðminimize€dangers€of€fire,€avalanches,€and€other€natural€hazards€in€outdoorÏrecreation€areas.€(Use€RPA€902).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐtð€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ L È ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð ü#x # Ðà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð è$d!$ Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð Ô%P"% ÐÐ  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€303.à0 | àECONOMICS€OF€TIMBER€PRODUCTIONóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌTimber€production€efficiency€research€investigates€how€income€can€be€increased€throughÏeffective€use€of€labor€and€capital.€Such€information€is€generally€lacking€for€the€wide€variety€ofÏforestry€investments€possible€in€different€areas.€Returns€of€expenditures€for€planting,€standÏimprovement,€and€other€timber€growing€activities€vary€widely€throughout€the€nation€and€dependÏon€many€cost€factors,€including€the€quantity€and€quality€of€timber€yields€and€local€marketÏconditions.€Identifying€the€most€profitable€opportunities€for€management€of€public€forestryÏprograms€and€for€private€investments€on€forest€lands€is€basic€to€efficient€allocation€of€the€fundsÏavailable€for€timber€growing.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€opportunities€for€profitable€timber€growing€in€relation€to€different€combinationsÐ ´0  Ðof€forest€types,€site,€types€of€ownership,€size€of€holdings,€and€market€factors.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àPotential€returns€from€investments€in€different€areas€in€forest€protection,€road€construction,Ð Œ Ðplanting,€thinning,€and€other€forestry€measures.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àCapital€requirements€for€development€of€public€and€private€forestry€operations.Ðdà@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffects€of€income€and€local€taxation€on€economics€of€timber€production.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDetermining€the€most€efficient€combinations€of€practices€for€public€and€private€timberÐ <¸ Ðproduction,€including€the€effects€of€public€programs€and€policies.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEconomics€of€timber€production€on€small€holdings,€including€private€institutionalÐ  Ðarrangements€affecting€management.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€evaluation€of€public€assistance€programs.€(Use€RPA€903).Ð ØT ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð °, ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ `Ü Ðà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ L È Ðà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ $" ! ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ü#x # ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð Ô%P"% ÐÐ  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€304.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€BIOLOGICAL€EFFICIENCY€OF€FRUIT€ANDÐ „ ÐVEGETABLE€CROPSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌFruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€tree€nuts€are€generally€produced€on€high-value€land€and€involveÏhigh€capital€and€labor€inputs.€It€is€essential€that€biological€efficiency€be€optimized€in€order€thatÏcost€per€unit€of€production€be€held€down€and€the€needs€of€the€American€consumer€be€met€at€aÏreasonable€cost.€The€potential€for€developing€an€export€market€is€largely€dependent€on€theÏcompetitive€price€relationship€of€the€crops.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€genetic€and€physiological€mechanisms€and€processes€affecting€biological€efficiency.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àSearches€for€germplasm€to€maintain€or€improve€biological€efficiency.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€more€effective€breeding€procedures€for€fruit€and€vegetable€crops.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€improved€varieties€and€strains€which€possess€desired€levels€of€biologicalÐ ÔP  Ðefficiency€along€with€other€desirable€attributes.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€better€procedures€for€distributing€desirable€germplasm--either€as€seed€or€otherÐ ¬( Ðpropagating€materials.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproving€the€management€and€culture€of€fruits€and€vegetables,€including€research€onÐ „ Ðcultural€practices€such€as€fertilization,€plant€spacing€and€population,€time€of€seeding,€soilÏpreparation,€and€water€or€soil€moisture€management€when€the€primary€orientation€isÏdirected€to€the€fruit€or€vegetable€response€to€the€environmental€variable€(fertilizer,€water,Ïsoil,€spacing,€etc.).Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEngineering€work€on€instrumentation€and€equipment€for€studying€the€effects€ofÐ  œ Ðenvironmental€factors€on€growth€and€health€of€crops.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àBreeding€and€selection€for€resistance€to€diseases.€(Use€RPA€205).Ð ä` Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àBreeding€and€selection€for€resistance€to€insects.€(Use€RPA€204).Ð ÐL Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€for€resistance€to€drought€and€excessive€moisture.€(UseÐ ¼8 ÐRPA€105).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àBreeding,€selection,€and€management€for€quality.€(Use€RPA€402).Ð ” Ðà @ àà ü à(5)à0 | àResearch€on€plants€or€cropping€sequences€to€manage€or€improve€saline€soils.Ð € ü Ð(Use€RPA€103).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(6)à0 | àEngineering€development€of€commercial€scale€machinery€for€control€of€plantÐ X"Ô! Ðenvironment.€(Use€RPA€305).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(7)à0 | àResearch€on€the€interrelationship€among€soil€properties,€fertilizers,€water,€andÐ 0$¬ # Ðplants€when€the€primary€emphasis€is€toward€these€interrelationships€and€notÏproduction€of€a€particular€crop€(e.g.,€tomatoes).€(Use€RPA€102).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(8)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€of€varieties€adapted€to€mechanization€of€production.€(UseÐ ô&p#& ÐRPA€305).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€304€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐñVñÌñVñÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ (¤ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð  | ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ ° ,  Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð œ  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð ˆ  Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ tð  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ `Ü  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð LÈ ÐÐ  8´ Ðòòò òRPA€305.à0 | àMECHANIZATION€OF€FRUIT€AND€VEGETABLE€CROPÐ „ ÐPRODUCTIONóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌAn€overriding€consideration€in€mechanization€of€fruit,€vegetable,€and€edible€tree€nut€productionÏis€the€requirement€for€timeliness€in€accomplishing€the€various€operations€from€planting€throughÏharvesting€and€handling€the€harvested€crop€because€of€¢perishability£€of€the€product.ÏMechanization€is€needed€to€increase€efficiency€and€decrease€labor€requirements€in€theÏproduction€of€fruit€and€vegetable€crops.€Mechanization€in€fruit€and€vegetable€production€is€lessÏextensive€than€in€field€crops.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDeveloping€principles€relative€to€mechanical€and€rheological€properties€of€fruits€andÐ üx  Ðvegetables€as€they€affect€handling€operations.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€machines€and€improved€machine€components€to€plant,€cultivate,€harvest,€andÐ ÔP  Ðhandle€specific€crops.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€precision€devices,€such€as€for€planting€operations.Ь(@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€tillage€units€to€minimize€power€requirements€and€number€of€operations€and€toÐ ˜ Ðprovide€the€optimum€seed€bed€conditions.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àAutomating€machine€operations.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€varieties€adapted€to€mechanization€of€production.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDeveloping€prototype€machinery€and€equipment€for€control€of€plant€environment.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àEngineering€work€on€instrumentation€for€studying€the€effects€of€environmentalÐ  œ Ðfactors€on€growth€and€health€of€crops.€(Use€RPA€304).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àDevelopment€of€specialized€equipment€for€protection€against€insects,€diseases,Ð øt Ðweeds,€and€other€hazards.€(Use€RPA€204,€205,€206,€or€214).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐl!è €$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð 0$¬ # ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  ¤* '* Ðòòò òRPA€306.à0 | àPRODUCTION€MANAGEMENT€SYSTEMS€FOR€FRUITS€ANDÐ „ ÐVEGETABLESóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌMany€of€the€management€studies€applied€to€the€production€of€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€treeÏnuts€in€the€past€have€dealt€with€such€economic€questions€as€the€most€profitable€rate€ofÏfertilization,€comparative€net€returns€from€various€crops,€the€economy€of€hand€vs.€machineÏmethods,€and€the€relative€costs€of€different€machine€sizes.€€Available€methods€of€analysisÏseverely€limited€the€number€of€alternatives€that€could€be€compared.€€High-speed€electronicÏcomputers€and€new€analytical€models€have€opened€the€way€to€more€comprehensive€analysesÏof€alternatives.€€These€new€analytical€tools€provide€a€useful€technique€to€the€horticulturist€andÏthe€engineer€in€devising€or€selecting€the€most€effective€production€system.€€The€joint€efforts€ofÏthe€horticulturist,€the€engineer,€and€the€economist€will€enable€them€to€select€the€"best"Ïproduction€plan.€€This€plan€is€made€up€of€a€"bundle"€or€compatible€set€of€choices€amongÏalternative€crops,€production€practices,€and€equipment.ÌÌManagement€systems€analysis€will€include€consideration€and€integration€of€choices€within€eachÏof€the€following:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àCrops,€crop€sequences,€and€crop€varieties;€andЄ@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àPlant€population,€moisture€management€methods,€fertilizer€and€pesticide€rates,€and€timeÐ pì Ðand€method€of€application;€andÐ @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àTime€and€labor€for€performing€each€operation€most€effectively;€andÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àTimeliness€of€operations€permitted€by€alternative€types€and€sizes€of€equipment,€as€well€asÐ 4° Ðtheir€relative€costs.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à5200à € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐ ” Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ l!è  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð D#À" ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ¸)4&) ÐÐ  ¤* '* Ðòòò òRPA€307.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€BIOLOGICAL€EFFICIENCY€OF€FIELDÐ „ ÐCROPSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€to€maintain€or€improve€the€biological€efficiency€of€field€crops€is€of€paramountÏimportance€in€determining€the€ability€of€agriculture€to€meet€the€feed,€food,€and€fiber€needs€of€theÏAmerican€people€and€provide€vital€amounts€of€these€commodities€for€export.ÌÌIncreased€biological€efficiency€can€provide€the€food€and€fiber€needs€of€an€expanding€population.€ÏEfficient€field€crop€production€is€basic€to€an€efficient,€economic€livestock€industry.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€genetic€and€biological€determinants€of€biological€efficiency.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àIdentification€of€superior€germplasm€and€breeding€and€selection€of€improved€varieties.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àCultural€practices€including€fertilization,€plant€spacing€and€population,€time€of€seeding,€soilÐ ÔP  Ðpreparation,€and€water€or€soil€moisture€management€when€the€primary€orientation€isÏdirected€to€the€specific€crop,€such€as€corn,€and€its€response€to€the€environmental€variableÏ(fertilizer,€water,€soil,€spacing,€etc.).Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àProcedures€for€multiplication€and€distribution€of€superior€germplasm€(seed€or€otherÐ „ Ðpropagating€material).Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMethods€of€adaptation€to€critical€environmental€factors,€including€engineering€work€onÐ \Ø Ðinstrumentation€for€studying€the€effects€of€environmental€factors€on€growth€and€health€ofÏcrops.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àBreeding€and€management€related€to€quality€improvement.€€(Use€RPA€405).Ð  ˆ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€to€produce€feed€crops€with€a€reduced€content€of€toxic€components.€Ð øt Ð(Use€RPA€405).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àBreeding€and€selection€of€field€crops€for€disease€resistance.€€(Use€RPA€208).Ð ÐL Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àBreeding€and€selection€of€field€crops€for€resistance€to€insects.€€(Use€RPA€207).Ð ¼8 Ðà @ àà ü à(5)à | àBreeding€and€selection€of€field€crops€for€drought€resistance.€€(Use€RPA€105).Ð ¨$ Ðà @ àà ü à(6)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€of€field€crops€for€tolerance€to€salinity€and€research€onÐ ” Ðplants€or€cropping€sequences€to€manage€or€improve€saline€soils.€€(Use€RPA€103).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(7)à | àBreeding€and€selection€of€range€forage€plants.€€(Use€RPA€112).Ð l!è  Ðà @ àà ü à(8)à0 | àDevelopment€of€machinery€and€equipment€for€control€of€plant€environmentÐ X"Ô! Ðsuitable€for€commercial€adaptation.€€(Use€RPA€308).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(9)à0 | àResearch€on€the€interrelationship€among€soil€properties,€fertilizers,€water,€andÐ 0$¬ # Ðplants€when€the€primary€emphasis€is€toward€these€interrelationships€and€notÏproduction€of€a€particular€crop€(e.g.,€corn).€(Use€RPA€102).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ à€€€€€(10)à0 | àBreeding€and€selection€of€varieties€adapted€to€mechanization€of€production.€€(UseÐ ô&p#& ÐRPA€308).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ  T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€307€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ (¤ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð  | ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ Ä @  Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ ° ,  Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð œ  Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð ˆ  Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ tð  Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð `Ü  Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð LÈ Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ 8´ Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ $  Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð Œ Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð üx Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð èd Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð ÔP Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ À< Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ¬( Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð  ˜ Ðòòò òRPA€308.à0 | àMECHANIZATION€OF€PRODUCTION€OF€FIELD€CROPSóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌMechanization€research€is€needed€to€increase€efficiency€and€decrease€labor€requirements€inÏthe€production€of€field€crops.€An€important€consideration€in€field€crop€production€is€theÏrequirement€for€timeliness€in€accomplishing€certain€operations€from€planting€through€harvestingÏand€handling€the€harvested€crop.€Mechanization€in€the€production€of€field€crops€has€increasedÏsubstantially€in€recent€years.€A€large€increase€in€crop€production€has€been€accompanied€by€aÏsignificant€decrease€in€man-hours€of€labor€used.€Opportunities€for€further€improvements€inÏmechanization€are€promising.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àImproving€machine€components€and€developing€machines€to€plant,€cultivate,€harvest,€andÐ ÈD  Ðhandle€specific€crops.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€precision€devices€and€automated€systems€of€machine€operations.Р @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€tillage€units€to€minimize€power€requirements€and€number€of€operations€and€toÐ Œ Ðprovide€optimum€seed€bed€conditions.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDetermining€mechanical€and€rheological€properties€of€crop€products€to€facilitateÐ dà Ðdevelopment€of€equipment€and€procedures€of€handling.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€varieties€and€cultural€practices€to€provide€plants€adapted€toÐ <¸ Ðmechanized€operations.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEngineering€development€of€prototype€machinery€and€equipment€for€control€of€plantÐ  Ðenvironment.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àEngineering€work€on€instrumentation€for€studying€the€effects€of€environmentalÐ ØT Ðfactors€on€growth€and€health€of€crops.€(Use€RPA€307).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àDevelopment€of€specialized€equipment€for€protection€against€insects,€diseases,Ð °, Ðweeds,€and€other€hazards.€(Use€RPA€207,€208,€209,€or€214).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð tð ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð L È ÐÌà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐ$" !€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð è$d!$ ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð À&<#& Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð „)&) Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð p*ì&* Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð H,Ä(, Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð 4-°)- Ðà @ à2200à € àCottonseed€(for€meal,€oil,€etc.)Ð  .œ*. Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ   /ˆ+/ Ðò òRPA€308€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð   Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð  | Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð ì h Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  Ä @  Ðòòò òRPA€309.à0 | àPRODUCTION€MANAGEMENT€SYSTEMS€FOR€FIELD€CROPSóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌFarm€operators€must€often€choose€among€a€number€of€crops€and€crop€sequences,€as€well€asÏmethods€of€"systems"€to€be€used€in€the€production€of€each€crop.€Much€of€the€economic€analysisÏapplied€to€the€production€of€field€crops€in€the€past€has€dealt€with€such€questions€as€the€economyÏof€hand€vs.€machine€methods,€relative€costs€of€different€machine€sizes,€the€most€profitable€rateÏof€fertilization,€or€the€comparative€net€returns€from€various€crops.€Lack€of€data€and€availableÏmethods€of€analysis€severely€limited€the€number€of€alternatives€that€could€be€compared.ÌÌMany€new€analytical€tools€provide€a€useful€technique€to€the€agronomist€and€the€engineer€inÏdevising€or€selecting€the€most€effective€production€system.€The€joint€efforts€of€the€agronomist,Ïthe€engineer,€and€the€economist€will€enable€them€to€select€the€"best"€production€plan.€The€planÏis€made€up€of€a€"bundle"€or€compatible€set€of€choices€among€alternative€crops,€productionÏpractices,€and€equipment.ÌÌManagement€systems€analysis€will€include€consideration€and€integration€of€choices€within€eachÏof€the€following:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àCrops,€crop€sequences,€and€crop€varieties;€andÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àFertilizer€and€pesticide€rates,€and€time€and€methods€of€application,€plant€population,€andÐ <¸ Ðmoisture€management;€andÐ @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àTime€and€labor€available€for€performing€each€operation€most€effectively;€andÐ@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àTimeliness€of€operations€permitted€by€alternative€types€and€sizes€of€equipment,€as€well€asÐ | Ðtheir€relative€costs.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ tð Ðà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐ`Ü€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ 8!´  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð è$d!$ Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð ¬'($' Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð ˜(%( Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ „)&) Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð p*ì&* Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ 4-°)- Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð   .œ*. Ðò òRPA€309€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2600à € àTobaccoÐ (¤ Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð   Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð  | Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  ì h Ðòòò òRPA€310.à0 | àREPRODUCTIVE€PERFORMANCE€OF€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,Ð „ ÐFISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌBrood€animals€fail€to€come€in€heat,€fail€to€conceive,€abort€with€embryonic€deaths,€have€stillbirths,Ïor€lose€their€offspring€in€postnatal€deaths.€Poultry€men€have€no€way€of€ensuring€that€all€eggsÏincubated€are€fertile,€nor€of€hatching€all€those€which€are€fertile.€Attainment€of€optimumÏreproductive€efficiency€could€greatly€decrease€the€cost€of€producing€calves,€pigs,€lambs,€chicks,Ï¢poults£,€fry,€and€other€young.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àReducing€the€age€of€first€breeding€in€females.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àImproving€libido€and€reducing€physical€and€psychological€barriers€to€mating.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€to€control€estrus.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSemen€metabolism€and€preservation,€and€artificial€insemination€techniques.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEffects€of€stress€factors€on€reproductive€performance.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àControlling€sex€of€offspring€through€sperm€separation€and€other€means.Ь(@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àIncreasing€the€fertilization€and€conception€rate€of€available€ova.И@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àIncreasing€the€number€of€potentially€fertilizable€ova,€particularly€for€sheep€and€cattle.Є@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àReducing€prenatal,€natal,€and€postnatal€mortality.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àEffects€of€herd€management€systems,€such€as€time€of€calving€and€interval€between€calves,Ð \Ø Ðon€reproductive€performance.Ð @$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àMethods€for€storing,€transplanting,€fertilizing,€and€growing€ova€òòin€vitroóó€and€òòin€vivoóó.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àImproving€mothering€ability.Ð œ@$@$ Ð(m)à0 @ àGenetic€studies€to€improve€reproductive€performance.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(n)à0 @ àMethods€for€early€diagnosis€of€pregnancy.Ðøt@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ ÐL Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ” ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 0$¬ # ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð &„"% ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ + (+ Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  T.Ð*. Ðòòò òRPA€311.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€BIOLOGICAL€EFFICIENCY€IN€PRODUCTIONÐ „ ÐOF€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌIn€the€past€30€years,€significant€advances€have€been€made€in€the€improvement€of€productionÏefficiency€in€livestock,€poultry,€and€fish.€€Efficiencies€have€doubled€and€progress€accelerated€inÏfish,€poultry,€swine,€beef€cattle,€and€dairy€cattle.€€Efficiency€of€conversion€of€feed€to€human€foodÏis€50€percent€for€fish;€25€percent€for€the€dairy€cow€producing€milk€and€hen€laying€eggs;€23Ïpercent€for€broilers;€14€percent€for€pigs;€and€10€percent€for€beef€cattle.€€Attainment€of€evenÏgreater€production€efficiency€will€require€research€across€a€broad€range€of€science€areas€fromÏbiotechnology€to€new€production€systems.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDigestion€and€metabolism.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àNutrient€requirements€for€specific€life€processes€and€longevity.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àHormonal€and€nutritional€interactions€for€maintenance€and€growth.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àGenetic€studies€designed€to€evaluate€the€importance€of€heredity€in€the€production€of€animalÐ ¬( Ðproducts€(e.g.,€¢heritability£,€genetic€correlations,€methods€of€selection,€mating€systems).Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€of€improved€strains.Є@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àComposition€and€biological€availability€of€nutrients.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEffects€of€processing€and€feeding€system€variables€on€nutritive€values€of€feed.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àAlternate€sources€of€nutrients,€including€forages.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àManagement€of€breeding€stocks.Ð4°@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€reproductive€performance.€(Use€RPA€310).Ð  ˆ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€environmental€stress.€(Use€RPA€312).Ð øt Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àResearch€on€reduction€of€waste€carcass€fat€and€proportion€of€low€meat€yield€cuts.Ð ä` Ð(Use€RPA€409).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ ¼8 Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð € ü ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ &„"% ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð à'\$' ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsи)4&)€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ + (+ Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€311€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð (¤ Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð   Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð   | Ðòòò òRPA€312.à0 | àENVIRONMENTAL€STRESS€IN€PRODUCTION€OF€LIVESTOCK,Ð „ ÐPOULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌIn€spite€of€a€heavy€investment€in€buildings€and€structures€for€animal€production,€stresses€fromÏthe€effects€of€climate,€handling,€and€other€environmental€factors€decrease€productivityÏsubstantially.€Extremes€in€temperature,€humidity,€air€movement,€and€noise€may€lead€to€poor€feedÏefficiency,€throw€animals€off€feed,€reduce€resistance€to€disease,€and€even€cause€increasedÏmortality.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEnvironmental€factors€which€reduce€productivity.ÐŒ @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àGenetic€adaptability€to€extreme€environments€and€breeding€and€selection€for€tolerance.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àFacilities€and€equipment€that€reduce€environmental€stress.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àManagement€systems€that€enable€animals€to€adapt€to€stress€conditions.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPhysiological€and€behavioral€responses€of€animals€to€various€environmental€conditions.ÐÀ<@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€effects€of€stress€factors€on€reproductive€performance.€(Use€RPAÐ ˜ Ð310).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ pì Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð ä` Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ ÐL Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ¨$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð € ü ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐX"Ô!€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð D#À" Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ &„"% Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð Ì(H%( ÐÐ  ¸)4&) Ðòòò òRPA€313.€à0 | àPRODUCTION€MANAGEMENT€SYSTEMS€FOR€LIVESTOCK,Ð „ ÐPOULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌAnimal€producers€are€faced€with€a€wide€variety€of€production€alternatives.€Lack€of€data€andÏlimitations€of€available€methods€of€analysis€have€severely€limited€the€number€of€alternatives€thatÏcould€be€adequately€evaluated.€High€speed€electronic€computers€and€newer€analytical€methodsÏand€models€have€opened€the€way€to€more€comprehensive€analyses€of€alternatives.€The€jointÏefforts€of€the€scientist,€the€engineer,€and€the€economist€will€enable€them€to€select€the€"best"Ïproduction€plan.€The€plan€is€made€up€of€a€"bundle"€or€compatible€set€of€choices€amongÏalternative€production€practices€and€equipment.ÌÌThese€new€analytical€tools€provide€a€useful€technique€to€the€scientist€and€the€engineer€inÏdevising€or€selecting€the€most€effective€production€system.ÌÌManagement€systems€analysis€will€include€consideration€and€integration€of€choices€within€eachÏof€the€following:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àProduction€or€purchase€of€a€particular€feed;€andИ@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àStocking€rates,€grazing€systems,€breeding€systems,€and€other€practices;€andЄ@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àKinds€of€livestock,€breeds,€and€strains;€andÐpì@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àLabor€versus€mechanization€alternatives.Ð\Ø@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ 4° Ðother€animals.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ÐL Ðà @ à5200à € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐ ¼8 Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ ” ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐD#À"€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð ¸)4&) ÐÐ  ¤* '* Ðòòò òRPA€314.à0 | àBEES€AND€OTHER€POLLINATING€INSECTSóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌPollinating€insects€and€honey€represent€a€small€but€highly€significant€segment€of€the€agriculturalÏeconomy.€Sale€of€honey,€beeswax,€package€bees€and€queens,€and€rental€of€colonies€to€seedÏproducers€are€important€items€of€farm€income.€The€value€of€pollinators€is€very€great.€There€areÏat€least€50€agricultural€crops€that€would€fail€to€produce€a€commercial€crop€of€fruit€or€seed€ifÏpollinating€insects€were€not€present€to€insure€pollination.€All€research€on€bees€is€included€underÏthis€RPA.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àNutritional€substitutes€to€maintain€strong€colonies.ÐÜ X @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àStrains€of€honey€bees€for€maximum€efficiency€in€the€pollination€of€different€crops.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àStrains€resistant€to€American€and€European€¢foulbrood£,€¢nosema£,€and€other€diseases.д0 @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ à¢Nonswarming£€strains.Р @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àImproved€systems€of€extracting,€filtering,€and€packaging€honey.ÐŒ@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproved€methods€of€protecting€combs€from€wax€moths.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDiagnostic€techniques€to€identify€the€kinds€of€plants€from€which€the€honey€was€produced.Ðdà@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àNew€and€improved€food€products€containing€honey.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àMethods€of€protecting€bees€from€the€harmful€effects€of€pesticides.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€the€medicinal€and€therapeutic€value€of€honey€and€of€bee€venom.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àIdentification,€assessment€of€the€value,€and€studies€to€improve€other€pollinating€insectsÐ  Ðthrough€selection,€breeding,€and€management.Ð @$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àImproved€equipment€and€methods€for€reducing€labor€in€handling€and€transporting€beeÐ ìh Ðcolonies.Ð @$@$ Ð(m)à0 @ àRelevant€marketing€activities.ÐÄ@@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð œ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð tð ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ L È Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à4810-6390€(See€Activity€Classification)ÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ü#x # ÐÌà @ à3500à € àBees€and€honey€and€other€pollinating€insectsÐ Ô%P"% ÐÐ  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€315.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€STRUCTURES,€FACILITIES,€AND€GENERALÐ „ ÐPURPOSE€FARM€SUPPLIES€AND€EQUIPMENTóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€on€farm€supplies,€equipment,€and€buildings€is€needed€to€lower€production€costs€inÏagriculture€and€prices€paid€by€farmers€for€purchased€production€inputs.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àPhysical,€chemical,€and€biological€aspects€of€the€production€of€fertilizers,€pesticides,€feedÐ L È Ðconstituents,€and€hormones.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEngineering€aspects€of€design€and€development€of€structures,€building€materials,€andÐ $    Ðfacilities.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEngineering€aspects€of€the€design€and€development€of€general€purpose€machinery,Ð üx  Ðequipment€and€tools€for€production,€materials€handling,€and€warehousing€of€farm€productionÏinputs.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àThe€physical,€chemical,€and€biological€behavior,€including€effects€on€containers,€machinery,Ð À< Ðand€buildings€of€farm€inputs€in€production€and€market€channels.€Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à @ àStudies€on€the€properties€of€materials.Ð ˜ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€related€to€safe€handling€and€use€of€materials€and€equipment.€(Use€RPAÐ pì Ð709).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresÐä`€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à3600à € àGeneral€purpose€supplies€(including€machinery,€equipment,€fertilizers,€feedstuffs,€andÐ l!è  Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€pesticides)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð D#À" Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð %˜!$ ÐÐ  &„"% Ðòòò òRPA€316.à0 | àFARM€BUSINESS€MANAGEMENTóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌFarm€business€management€research€is€needed€to€help€farm€operators€adjust€to€technological,Ïeconomic,€institutional,€and€social€changes€which€occur€continuously.€Purchased€inputs€areÏincreasingly€being€substituted€for€scarcer€and€more€costly€labor€and€land€in€production.€NewÏtechnology€changes€the€competitive€position€of€alternative€production€methods.€New€ways€ofÏdoing€business€with€suppliers€and€marketing€firms€require€new€types€of€decisions€of€the€farmÏoperator,€and€open€up€new€sources€of€financing€to€him.€Changing€market€demands€requireÏadjustments€in€the€type€of€product€produced.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àSize€and€enterprise€combination€of€the€farm€business€(what€and€how€much€to€produce).ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àRelative€advantages€of€alternatives,€such€as€purchasing€or€renting€land€and€individual€orÐ ´0  Ðjoint€ownership€of€machinery€vs.€hiring€custom€machines.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àSound€financial€management€in€the€use€of€credit,€what€insurance€to€carry,€the€maintenanceÐ Œ Ðof€¢nonfarm£€financial€reserves,€and€the€use€of€vertical€coordination€arrangements.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAnalyses€of€where,€how,€and€when€to€sell€farm€products€and€buy€production€inputs.Ðdà@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€managerial€ability€as€it€relates€to€the€quality€of€decision€making€and€theÐ PÌ Ðefficiency€of€the€farm€operation.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImpact€of€public€policy€and€regulation€on€farm€business€management.Ð(¤@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð | ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ °, Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ œ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð tð ÐÌà @ à4200à € àThe€farm€as€a€business€enterpriseÐ  L È Ðòòò òRPA€317.à0 | àMECHANIZATION€AND€STRUCTURES€USED€IN€PRODUCTIONÐ „ ÐOF€LIVESTOCK,€POULTRY,€FISH,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌMany€new€mechanization€problems€and€opportunities€have€arisen€as€a€result€of€increasingÏnumbers€of€animals€in€a€single€enterprise€coupled€with€the€decreasing€availability€of€labor.ÏThere€is€need€and€justification€to€devise€ways€to€reduce€drudgery€and€manual€effort€in€animalÏproduction.€Such€problems€include€the€handling€of€feed€and€forage,€milk,€and€wastes.€ResearchÏis€needed€not€only€for€beef,€sheep,€dairy,€swine,€poultry,€and€fish,€but€also€for€pets,€laboratoryÏanimals,€goats,€and€horses.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àMethods,€facilities,€and€equipment€for€farm€handling,€processing,€and€storing€inputs€suchÐ üx  Ðas€feeds,€forage,€and€bedding.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethods,€facilities,€and€equipment€for€animal€waste€collection€and€removal€from€barns,Ð ÔP  Ðfeedlots,€and€¢aquaculture£€production€systems.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMilking€and€milk€handling€methods.Ь(@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEquipment,€structures,€facilities,€and€methods€for€housing€and€handling€animals.И@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEgg€collection€and€handling.Є@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€¢nonfarm£„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€andÐ \Ø Ðother€wildlife.€(Use€RPA€904).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€waste€disposal,€including€possible€salvage.€(Use€RPA€901).Ð 4° Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àDevelopment€of€specialized€equipment€for€protection€against€insects,€internal€andÐ  œ Ðexternal€parasites,€diseases,€and€other€hazards.€(Use€RPA€210,€211,€212,€213,Ïor€214).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌà @ à5200à0 € àMechanization,€improvement€of€physical€efficiency,€and€development€of€structuresЀ ü€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€facilitiesÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð D#À" ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ%˜!$€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð &„"% Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð ¤* '* Ðà @ à3600à € àGeneral€purpose€supplies€(including€machinery,€equipment,€fertilizers,€feedstuffs,€andÐ + (+ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€pesticides)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  T.Ð*. Ðòòò òRPA€318.à0 | àNON-COMMODITY-ORIENTED€BIOLOGICAL€TECHNOLOGYÐ „ ÐAND€¢BIOMETRY£óóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌThe€better€understanding€of€cell€systems,€experimental€design,€and€other€improvements€inÏgeneral€science€technology€make€a€significant€contribution€to€other,€more€specific,€research€onÏindividual€plants€and€animals.€While€such€research€may€use€one€of€the€commodities€as€anÏexperimental€tool,€it€is€not€commodity€oriented.ÌÌResearch€on€experimental€designs€and€statistical€analyses;€purification€of€RNA€and€DNA€andÏof€structures€such€as€ribosomes,€mitochondria,€and€¢endoplasmic£€¢reticula£;€and€elucidation€ofÏmetabolic€pathways€and€biochemical€reactions€involved€in€energy€transfer,€growth,€synthesis,Ïand€breakdown€of€organic€compounds€are€examples.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDesign€of€experiments€and€statistical€analysis€of€data.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àPathways€in€plant€and€animal€metabolism.Ь(@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àGenetic€studies€with€yeast,€Neurospora,€mice,€Drosophila,€etc.,€solely€for€elucidation€ofÐ ˜ Ðgenetic€principles.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àWhole€cell€biology€studies€of€algae,€bacteria,€yeasts,€molds,€¢phages£,€viruses,€protozoans.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àStudies€on€weeds,€not€commodity€oriented.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àSeed€research,€not€commodity€oriented.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àInsect,€tick,€and€mite€research,€not€commodity€oriented.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àPlant€growth€responses,€not€commodity€oriented.Ð œ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àAll€research€which€can€be€identified€under€one€or€more€of€the€other€RPA's.€(UseÐ øt Ðappropriate€RPA).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ l!è  Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ D#À" Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ &„"% Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à7000à € àDesign€of€experiments€and€methods€of€statistical€analysisÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à3800à € àFoodÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€318€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6100à € àWeeds*Ð (¤ Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€research*Ð   Ðà @ à6300à € àBiological€cell€systemsÐ  | Ðà @ à6400à € àExperimental€design€and€statistical€methodsÐ ì h Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebrates*Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.*Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlants*Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)*Ð œ  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð ˆ  ÐÓ‡aÀhÀZ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X‡ÓÌ*à0 Z àUse€only€when€the€specific€commodities€affected€cannot€be€identified€or€when€the€researchÐ `Ü  Ðis€applicable€to€a€broad€range€of€commodities.Ð Z$Z$ ÐÐ  8´ ÐÓ‡^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@À hÀZ@ü€|È —X‡Óà@\\'ìàòòGOAL€IVóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òEXPAND€THE€DEMAND€FOR€FARM€AND€FOREST€PRODUCTS€BYÐ \Ø ÐDEVELOPING€NEW€AND€IMPROVED€PRODUCTS€AND€PROCESSES€ANDÏENHANCING€PRODUCT€QUALITYóóÐ œ Ðó óÌÌIncreasing€domestic€demand€and€improving€markets€abroad€depends€upon€satisfying€consumerÏpreferences€for€high€quality€food,€fiber,€and€forest€products.€This€means€tailoring€products€toÏmeet€consumer€desires.€More€effort€should€be€given€to€producing€products€with€characteristicsÏthat€meet€consumer€or€processor€needs€and€maintaining€these€qualities€to€point€of€use.€New€andÏimproved€uses€and€processes€will€result€in€more€variety,€reduced€costs,€and€increased€utilizationÏof€farm€and€forest€products.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€401-412,€inclusive.Ð  à\ Ðòòò òRPA€401.à | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€FOREST€PRODUCTSó óÐ „ ÐóóÌThe€objectives€of€forest€products€research€are€to€develop€(1)€lower€cost€products€with€greaterÏdesirability,€serviceability,€and€performance,€and€(2)€greater€use€of€low-quality€timber,€little-usedÏspecies,€and€materials€now€remaining€as€waste.ÌÌThere€is€a€continuing€decline€in€quality€of€available€timber€because€of€the€lack€of€adequateÏreplacements€for€the€larger€and€better€quality€trees.€Demand€for€timber€products€is€expected€toÏgo€up€80€percent€by€the€year€2000.€Research€is€needed€to€develop€ways€to€convert€moreÏlow-grade€material€into€useful€products.€Where€such€timber€is€abundant€it€may€be€possible€toÏestablish€new€industries€and€enhance€economic€growth.€Improved€wood€utilization€also€providesÏa€profitable€means€for€upgrading€residual€stands.€Removal€and€use€of€low-quality€timber€freesÏspace€for€better€growing€stock.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àAnatomical,€mechanical,€physical,€and€chemical€properties€of€wood€and€its€components,Ð xô Ðand€performance€in€use.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€of€environmental€factors€such€as€heat,€light,€and€moisture€on€wood,€wood€products,Ð PÌ Ðand€other€forest€products€in€use.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àRelation€of€timber€species,€grades,€and€quality€to€wood€properties€and€use.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMore€efficient€design€of€wood€members€for€structural€purposes.Ð@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àBetter€ways€to€use€wood€in€panels,€laminates,€and€assemblies.Ð|@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àNew€and€improved€processes€for€production€of€chemicals€and€other€products,€includingÐ ìh Ðthose€from€bark€and€wood€¢extractives£.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àImproved€products€and€reduction€of€waste€through€development€of€more€effectiveÐ Ä@ Ðmanufacturing€processes€such€as€sawing,€drying,€machining,€pulping,€and€assembling.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àEffect€of€fungi€and€insects€on€wood€and€treatments€to€impart€resistance.М@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àMethods€for€removing€moisture€from€wood€and€for€stabilizing€its€dimensions€and€shape.Ј@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àMethods€for€improving€fire€resistance€of€wood€products.Ðtð@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àNew€and€improved€products€from€wood€resins,€naval€stores,€and€maple€sap.Ð`Ü@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 8!´  ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€food€Ð ˜(%( Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð „)&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)€Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)€Ð \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)€Ð H,Ä(, Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð 4-°)- Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storage€Ð   .œ*. Ðò òRPA€401€(¢Cont'd£)Ð „ Ðó óÌÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non„food€productsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non„food€products€and€processesÐ   Ðà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€food€Ð  | Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvement€Ð ì h Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€food€Ð Ø T  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ° ,  ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ˆ  Ðà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð  tð  Ðò òòòRPA€402.à0 | àPRODUCTION€OF€FRUIT€AND€VEGETABLE€CROPS€WITHÐ „ ÐIMPROVED€ACCEPTABILITYÐ |$|$ Ðó óóóÌWhen€consumers€buy€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€tree€nuts€in€the€market,€they€look€forÏexternal€characteristics€that€appeal€to€them.€At€home€they€expect€these€products,€whether€fresh,Ïfrozen,€or€processed,€to€have€eating€qualities€they€like.€Such€qualities€must€be€inherent€in€theÏproducts€farmers€produce.€Fruits€and€vegetables€are€expected€to€withstand€the€rigors€ofÏmechanical€harvesting€and€of€shipment;€have€superior€color,€flavor,€texture,€nutritive€value;Ïretain€good€quality€through€processing€and€storage;€and€meet€requirements€for€specific€foodÏpurposes€such€as€potatoes€for€baking,€frying,€or€chipping.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEnhancement€of€quality€attributes€desired€by€consumers€and€processors.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDiscovery€of€the€genetic,€chemical,€and€physiological€determinants€of€preferred€attributesÐ ÔP  Ðand€the€relationships€among€them.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selecting€new€and€improved€varieties€that€have€favored€qualityÐ ¬( Ðcharacteristics.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€improved€production€practices€to€achieve€optimum€quality€of€productÐ „ Ðharvested.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð HÄ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  œ ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ øt Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsà 0 àÐ ä` Ðà @ à5100à € àIncreasing€consumer€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsÐ ÐL Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ” Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð € ü Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð X"Ô! Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð D#À" Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ &„"% Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ Ì(H%( ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¤* '* ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€402€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à1200à € àVegetablesÐ (¤ Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€cropsÐ   Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€fruits€and€vegetables)Ð  | Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ ì h Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð  Ä @  Ðòòò òRPA€403.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€FRUIT€AND€VEGETABLE€PRODUCTSÐ „ ÐAND€BYPRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌProduct€development€and€processing€research€can€provide€better€fruit,€vegetable,€and€edibleÏtree€nut€products.€Product€research€can€make€available€new€and€more€attractive€productsÏtailored€to€the€requirements€of€specific€domestic€markets.ÌÌNew€food€products€may€reduce€preparation€time€and€effort€and€may€reduce€costs€to€theÏconsumer.€New€food€products€and€methods€of€processing€can€achieve€economies€in€storageÏand€transportation.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àIdentification€of€the€chemical€constituents€of€each€product€that€determine€its€color,€flavor,Ð èd  Ðtexture,€and€nutritive€value.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àTechniques€for€stabilization€through€freezing,€sterilization,€dehydration,€or€combinations€ofÐ À< Ðthese.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àFortification€to€increase€the€nutritional€value€of€foods.И@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€new€or€improved€products€and€improved€processing€techniques€to€maintainÐ „ Ðor€improve€the€stability€and€nutritional€value€of€foods.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àChemical€and€biochemical€reactions€which€occur€among€the€constituents€of€the€product€andÐ \Ø Ðthe€factors€which€determine€their€rates€of€reaction.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€product€development€for€foreign€markets.€(Use€RPA€604).Ð  œ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ ” Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ € ü Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð l!è  Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð D#À" Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ &„"% Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ + (+ Ðò òÐ  |,ø(, ÐRPA€403€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruitÐ (¤ Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nutsÐ   Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ  | Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð ì h Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€fruits€and€vegetables)Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ° ,  ÐÐ  œ  Ðòòò òRPA€404.à0 | àQUALITY€MAINTENANCE€IN€STORING€AND€MARKETINGÐ „ ÐFRUITS€AND€VEGETABLESÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌMany€of€the€desirable€quality€characteristics€that€fruits,€vegetables,€and€edible€tree€nuts€possessÏwhen€they€leave€the€farm€may€be€lost€by€the€time€they€are€purchased€by€the€consumer.€InroadsÏof€molds€and€other€microorganisms,€insects,€moisture,€and€unfavorable€temperatures,€result€inÏquality€deterioration€and€also€make€a€portion€of€the€produce€unsalable.€Some€of€the€seriousÏlosses€in€end€use€quality€occur€as€a€result€of€chemical,€physical,€and€physiological€changesÏduring€transportation€and€storage.€Prevention€of€such€losses€will€give€consumers€a€moreÏattractive€product€and€will€eliminate€the€costs€involved€in€discarding€unsalable€merchandise.ÏMaintenance€of€quality€in€storage€and€distribution,€whether€on€or€off€the€farm,€is€included.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àCharacterization€of€the€biochemical€reactions€that€occur€after€harvest€and€determination€ofÐ ÔP  Ðthe€enzyme€systems€involved.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffective€ways€to€reduce€physiological€deterioration€and€losses€due€to€microorganisms€andÐ ¬( Ðinsects€in€market€channels.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffects€and€means€of€controlling€temperature,€humidity,€and€other€atmospheric€variables€inÐ „ Ðstorage€and€transportation.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSystems€of€storage€and€handling€conducive€to€the€development€or€retention€of€desiredÐ \Ø Ðcolor,€flavor,€texture,€and€nutritive€value.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPackaging€and€other€types€of€protection€needed€to€maintain€conditions€necessary€toÐ 4° Ðmaintain€or€develop€quality.Ð @$@$ ÐÌÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ” Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ € ü Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ l!è  Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ &„"% Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ + (+ Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ  h-ä)- Ðò òRPA€404€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0900à € àCitrus€and€tropical/subtropical€fruit€Ð (¤ Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð   Ðà @ à1100à € àPotatoesÐ  | Ðà @ à1200à € àVegetables€Ð ì h Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€fruits€and€vegetables)Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ° ,  ÐÐ  œ  Ðòòò òRPA€405.à0 | àPRODUCTION€OF€FIELD€CROPS€WITH€IMPROVEDÐ „ ÐACCEPTABILITYóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌAcceptability€of€field€crops€means€acceptability€of€such€crops,€or€portions€thereof,€for€particularÏuses.€These€include€food,€fiber,€and€feed€use.€Concern€must€be€directed€to€domestic€and€foreignÏpreferences€if€the€full€market€potential€of€field€crops€is€to€be€realized.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEnhancing€product€attributes€that€influence€acceptability€by€animals,€processors,€orÐ 8 ´  Ðconsumers.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDetermining€the€physical,€chemical,€and€genetic€bases€of€determinants€of€preferredÐ Œ  Ðqualities.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selecting€new€and€improved€varieties€of€field€crops€that€have€favoredÐ èd  Ðcharacteristics€including€reduced€contents€of€naturally€occurring€toxins.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€improved€production€practices€to€achieve€optimum€quality€of€product.ÐÀ<@$@$ ÐòòÌClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ˜ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð pì ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ HÄ Ðà @ à5000à € àImproving€biological€efficiency€of€plants€and€animalsÐ 4° Ðà @ à5100à € àIncreasing€consumer€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsÐ  œ Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ  ˆ Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ øt Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ä` Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð ÐL Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð ¨$ Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð ” Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð € ü Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ l!è  Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ %˜!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ô&p#& ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð + (+ Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€405€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)Ð (¤ Ðà @ à2200à € àCottonseed€(for€meal,€oil,€etc.)Ð   Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ  | Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ ì h Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð œ  Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€field€crops)Ð ˆ  Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ tð  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ `Ü  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð LÈ ÐÐ  8´ Ðòòò òRPA€406.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€FOOD€PRODUCTS€FROM€FIELD€CROPSó óЄ|$|$ ÐóóÌNew€or€improved€food€products€and€processes€can€provide€better€foods€from€field€crops.€TheyÏcan€make€available€new€and€more€attractive€products€tailored€to€the€requirements€of€specificÏdomestic€markets.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€chemistry€of€color,€flavor,€texture,€and€nutritive€value.Ð ”@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€chemical€and€biochemical€reactions€which€occur€among€constituents€of€foods€and€theÐ  €  Ðfactors€which€determine€their€rates.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àImprovement€of€edible€oils€through€removal€or€inactivation€of€constituents€responsible€forÐ Ü X  Ðadverse€quality€effects.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àFortification€to€increase€the€nutritional€value€of€foods.д0 @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€products€and€processing€techniques€to€maintain€or€improve€the€stability€andÐ    Ðnutritional€value€of€foods.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€new€and€improved€maple€products.€(Use€RPA€401).Ð dà Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€new€and€improved€feed,€textile,€and€industrial€products€from€fieldÐ PÌ Ðcrops.€(Use€RPA€407).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àResearch€on€product€development€for€foreign€markets.€(Use€RPA€604).Ð(¤|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð | ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ °, Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ œ Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ˆ Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð tð Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð L È Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð 8!´  Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð $" ! Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ À&<#& ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˜(%( ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð p*ì&* Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð 4-°)- Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð  .œ*. Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ   /ˆ+/ Ðò òRPA€406€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2000à € àForage€cropsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à2200à € àCottonseed€(for€meal,€oil,€etc.)Ð   Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ  | Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ ì h Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€field€crops)Ð œ  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ˆ  ÐÐ  tð  Ðòòò òRPA€407.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€FEED,€TEXTILE,€AND€INDUSTRIALÐ „ ÐPRODUCTS€FROM€FIELD€CROPSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌIncreasing€the€potential€of€our€agricultural€land€requires€full€utilization€of€its€products.€IndustrialÏuses€have€traditionally€absorbed€significant€quantities€of€grains€and€oilseeds€in€such€consumerÏproducts€as€paper,€textiles,€adhesives,€and€paints.€With€more€sophisticated€processing,€theseÏcrops€could€be€converted€to€a€great€variety€of€non-food€uses.ÌÌAgricultural€products€such€as€cotton,€starch,€and€oils€have€been€challenged€in€the€market€placeÏby€non-agricultural€products.€To€retain€and€expand€markets,€agricultural€raw€materials€may€needÏto€be€modified€chemically€and/or€physically€to€provide€desired€properties€at€competitive€prices.ÏNew€end€use€opportunities€include€plastics,€adhesives,€plasticizers,€lubricants,€drugs,€feedÏadditives,€and€paper€sizes€and€additives.€The€feed€value€of€oilseed€meats€and€of€processedÏforages€can€be€improved€and€costs€of€their€processing€and€distribution€reduced.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€constituents€of€field€crops.И@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àPreparation€of€chemical€derivatives.Є@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAdaptation€of€derivatives€for€use€in€industrial€products.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€improved€engineering€and€processing€methods.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPharmacology€of€constituents€and€derivatives.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àModifications€and€treatments€to€improve€textile€characteristics€such€as€flame€resistance.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àChemical€reactions€that€¢constitutents£€undergo€under€conditions€such€as€those€encounteredÐ  œ Ðin€feed€processing.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€protection€of€feed€supplies€from€harmful€microorganisms,€andÐ ä` Ðprocessing€to€reduce€or€inactivate€naturally€occurring€toxins€in€feeds.€(Use€RPAÏ702)Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ” ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ %˜!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ô&p#& ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð + (+ Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€407€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð (¤ Ðà @ à2200à € àCottonseed€(for€meal,€oil,€etc.)Ð   Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ  | Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ ì h Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð œ  Ðà @ à3700à € àClothing€and€textilesÐ ˆ  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ tð  ÐÐ  `Ü  Ðòòò òRPA€408.à0 | àQUALITY€MAINTENANCE€IN€STORING€AND€MARKETING€FIELDÐ „ ÐCROPSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌMaintenance€of€quality€of€field€crop€commodities€against€the€inroads€of€insects,€molds,€moisture,Ïchemical€changes,€and€other€quality€deteriorating€factors€is€important€to€minimize€costs€inÏstorage€and€distribution.€This€RPA€includes€maintaining€quality€of€farm€products€in€storage€andÏdistribution€channels,€whether€on€or€off€the€farm.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEffective€ways€to€reduce€physiological€deterioration€and€losses€due€to€insects,€molds,Ð $    Ðrodents,€and€other€pests.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€and€means€of€controlling€temperature,€humidity,€and€atmosphere€in€storage€andÐ üx  Ðtransportation.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àContainerization€needed€to€maintain€optimum€conditions.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àBiochemical€reactions€that€occur€in€products€after€harvest.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDetermination€of€the€relationship€among€variables€of€handling,€storage€and€cropÐ ¬( Ðconditioning,€and€loss€in€quality.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€prevention,€reduction,€or€elimination€of€harmful€microorganisms,Ð pì Тmycotoxins£,€and€other€naturally€occurring€toxins€in€field€crops.€(Use€RPA€702).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ä` Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ ÐL Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ ” Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ € ü Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ l!è  Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ &„"% Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð h-ä)- Ðà @ à1500à € àGrain€sorghumÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€408€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à1600à € àRiceÐ (¤ Ðà @ à1700à € àWheatÐ   Ðà @ à1800à € àOther€small€grains€Ð  | Ðà @ à1900à € àPastureÐ ì h Ѐà @ à2000à € àForage€crops€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)€Ð Ä @  Ðà @ à2200à € àCottonseed€(for€meal,€oil,€etc.)Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ œ  Ðà @ à2400à € àPeanutsÐ ˆ  Ðà @ à2500à € àOther€oilseed€and€oil€crops€(excluding€cottonseed)€Ð tð  Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð `Ü  Ðà @ à2700à € àSugar€crops€Ð LÈ Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð 8´ Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€field€crops)Ð $  Ðà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ Œ Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ üx ÐÐ  èd Ðòòò òRPA€409.à0 | àPRODUCTION€OF€ANIMAL€PRODUCTS€WITH€IMPROVEDÐ „ ÐACCEPTABILITYóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌÌAcceptability€of€animal€products€varies€widely€among€species€and€products.€We€should€knowÏwhy.€Concern€over€the€role€of€fat€in€the€diet€has€focused€attention€on€the€problem€of€excess€fatÏin€beef,€pork,€and€lamb.€Consumption€trends€for€milk€and€eggs€point€toward€acceptanceÏproblems€for€these€products.€More€information€is€needed€concerning€what€livestock€productÏqualities€are€desired€by€consumers.€Production€should€be€tailored€to€these€preferences.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àPhysiology€and€biochemistry€of€fats,€proteins,€and€flavor€components.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àInfluence€of€breeding,€feeding,€and€management€practices€on€quality€of€animal€products.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àImproving€the€acceptability€of€animal€products€through€breeding,€feeding,€and€management.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àFactors€responsible€for€development€of€flavor.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àReduction€in€amount€of€undesired€fat€in€animal€products.Ь(@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproving€wool,€hides,€and€other€non-food€animal€products.И@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€bees€and€honey.€(Use€RPA€314).Ð pì ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð HÄ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  œ ÐÌà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ øt Ðà @ à5100à € àIncreasing€consumer€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsÐ ä` Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ÐL Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð ” Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð l!è  Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð X"Ô! Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð D#À" Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ &„"% Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ à'\$' ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ + (+ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð |,ø(, Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattleÐ  T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€409€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ (¤ Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ   Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð  | Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€animal€products)Ð ì h Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð Ø T  ÐÐ  Ä @  Ðò òòòRPA€410.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€MEAT,€MILK,€EGGS,€AND€OTHER€ANIMALÐ „ ÐFOOD€PRODUCTSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌThe€development€of€new€and€improved€meat,€milk,€eggs,€and€other€animal€food€products€andÏprocessing€may€reduce€costs,€increase€variety,€and€expand€markets€for€these€foods.€SomeÏproducts€can€also€be€tailored€to€simplify€home€storage,€reduce€time€required€for€preparation,Ïand,€in€case€of€meats,€develop€more€attractive€products€from€low-value€or€low€quality€cuts.€OtherÏproducts€can€be€developed€for€special€uses€and€to€minimize€weight.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àImproved€techniques€for€stabilization€through€freezing,€sterilization,€dehydration,€orÐ Œ  Ðcombinations€of€these.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àNew€or€improved€products€through€fortification€and€better€formulation.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDevelopment€or€improvement€of€engineering€and€processing€methods€to€maintain€orÐ ÔP  Ðimprove€the€stability€and€nutritional€value€of€foods.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€of€decreasing€product€weight€and€bulk€to€reduce€storage,€transportation,€andÐ ¬( Ðdistribution€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àChemistry€of€color,€flavor,€texture,€and€nutritive€value.Є@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àChemical€and€biochemical€reactions€which€occur€among€the€constituents€and€the€factorsÐ pì Ðwhich€determine€their€rates.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€food€concentrates€from€fish.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€bees€and€honey.€(Use€RPA€314).Ð  œ Ðà @ àà0 ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€product€development€for€foreign€markets.€(Use€RPA€604).Ð ˆü$ü$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ” Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ € ü Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ l!è  Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð X"Ô! Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð &„"% Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ + (+ ÐÐ  |,ø(, Ðò òRPA€410€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800à0 € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ(¤€$€$ Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultryÐ   Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ  | Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð ì h Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ Ä @  Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð ° ,  Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€animal€products)Ð œ  Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð ˆ  Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð tð  ÐÐ  `Ü  Ðòòò òRPA€411.à0 | àNEW€AND€IMPROVED€NON-FOOD€ANIMAL€PRODUCTSóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌAnimal€byproducts€have€traditionally€contributed€significantly€to€our€livestock€economy€as€rawÏmaterials€for€the€textile,€leather,€soap,€feed,€pharmaceutical,€and€other€industries.€In€more€recentÏtimes,€industrial€research€has€developed€from€alternative€raw€materials,€mostly€petrochemical,Ïnew€products€having€attractive€properties€for€some€of€these€end€uses.€These€synthetic€fibers,Ïdetergents,€and€shoe-making€materials€have€become€highly€competitive€with€farm€products.ÏAgricultural€raw€materials€have€many€useful€properties€frequently€not€possessed€by€theÏsynthetics.€New€technology€promises€to€add€other€desired€properties€such€as€permanent€pressÏin€wool,€and€¢biodegradability£€in€detergents€from€fats.€Research€has€also€developed€useful€newÏplasticizers€and€surface€coatings€from€agricultural€products.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€hides,€wool,€skins,€and€animal€fats.Р @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEngineering€in€the€processing€of€new€and€improved€products.ÐŒ@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àReduction€of€product€wastage€in€processing.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€of€processing€or€treating€wool€to€increase€its€use€and€furnish€properties€desiredÐ dà Ðby€consumers.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCross-bonding€agents€and€improved€tanning€processes€to€develop€new€uses€for€leather,Ð <¸ Ðsheepskins,€and€¢shearling£€skins.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€polymers,€detergents,€lubricants,€and€chemical€intermediates€from€animalÐ  Ðfats.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€feed€concentrates€from€fish.Ðìh@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ tð Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ `Ü Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ L È ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð è$d!$ Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð À&<#& Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à3400à € àOther€animals€Ð „)&) Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  p*ì&* Ðòòò òRPA€412.€à0 | àQUALITY€MAINTENANCE€IN€MARKETING€ANIMAL€PRODUCTSó óЄ|$|$ ÐóóÌMaintenance€of€quality€in€storage€and€transport€of€perishable€livestock€products€and€protectionÏagainst€the€inroads€of€spoilage€microorganisms,€insects,€moisture,€and€deleterious€chemical,Ïphysical,€and€physiological€changes€is€important.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBiochemical€changes€during€storage.Ð ”@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€and€means€of€controlling€temperature,€humidity,€and€atmosphere€in€storage€andÐ  €  Ðtransportation.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€containerization€to€maintain€optimum€conditions.ÐÜ X @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffective€ways€to€control€physiological€changes€in€color,€flavor,€texture,€and€nutritive€valueÐ ÈD  Ðand€reduce€losses€due€to€microorganisms€and€insects.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€prevention,€reduction,€or€elimination€of€harmful€microorganisms,Ð Œ Тmycotoxins£,€and€other€naturally€occurring€toxins€in€animal€products.€(Use€RPAÏ702).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð <¸ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ìh Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ ØT Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ Ä@ Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ °, Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ œ Ðà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ ˆ Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ tð Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ `Ü Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ L È Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ $" ! Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ #Œ" Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ À&<#& ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˜(%( ÐÌà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à2900à € àPoultry€Ð \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à3000à € àBeef€cattleÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à3100à € àDairy€cattle€Ð 4-°)- Ðà @ à3200à € àSwineÐ  .œ*. Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolÐ   /ˆ+/ Ðò òRPA€412€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à3400à € àOther€animalsÐ (¤ Ðà @ à3800à € àFood€(not€readily€associated€with€specific€animal€products)Ð   Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  | ÐÐ  ì h ÐÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@xx'ìàòòGOAL€VóóˆÐ „ ÐòòÌò òIMPROVE€EFFICIENCY€IN€THE€MARKETING€SYSTEMó óÐ „ ÐóóÌÌThe€larger€share€of€the€consumer€dollar€is€being€spent€for€marketing€rather€than€producing€farmÏand€forest€products.€The€potential€is€great€for€reducing€marketing€costs.€Greater€efficiency€ofÏassembling,€handling,€processing,€packaging,€storing,€transporting,€wholesaling,€and€retailingÏfarm€and€forest€products€would€reduce€prices€paid€by€consumers,€increase€returns€to€farmersÏand€marketers,€and€expand€markets.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€501-503,€506-513,€inclusive.ÌÐ  ÈD  Ðòòò òRPA€501.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€GRADES€AND€STANDARDS„-CROP€ANDÐ „ ÐANIMAL€PRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌGrades€and€standards€are€designed€to€describe€characteristics€of€a€product€which€affect€itsÏvalue€to€users.€They€are€necessary€either€because€the€buyer€or€seller€cannot€appraise€theseÏcharacteristics€by€inspection€or€because€buyers€and€sellers€wish€to€execute€sales€on€the€basisÏof€product€description€without€inspection.€Thus,€effective€grades€and€standards€assist€buyersÏin€obtaining€product€characteristics€they€desire€and€sellers€in€obtaining€appropriateÏcompensation€for€what€they€sell.€Costs€of€buying€and€selling€are€greatly€reduced€when,€becauseÏof€grades€and€standards,€a€buyer€does€not€need€to€personally€inspect€each€lot€which€heÏpurchases.ÌÌThe€usefulness€of€market€information,€important€in€the€conduct€of€trade€and€establishment€of€aÏfair€price,€is€dependent€upon€adequately€descriptive€grades€and€standards.€Many€current€gradesÏand€standards€are€not€as€useful€as€they€could€be€because€they€do€not€adequately€cover€theÏcharacteristics€desired€by€users.€Others€could€be€improved€by€the€substitution€of€objectiveÏmeasurement€of€characteristics€for€the€subjective€techniques€now€in€use.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àQuality€characteristics€desired€by€buyers,€including€processors€and€handlers,€as€well€asÐ \Ø Ðconsumers.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àFinding€easily€measurable€characteristics€that€can€be€used€to€distinguish€levels€of€qualityÐ 4° Ðfound€in€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€objective€measures€of€quality€to€replace€subjective€ones.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€procedures€to€update€grades€and€standards€to€realistically€reflect€productionÐ øt Ðpractices.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDetermining€the€need€for€and€developing€grades€and€standards€for€products€not€nowÐ ÐL Ðcovered.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEvaluating€the€effectiveness€of€particular€grades€and€standards€in€meeting€the€requirementsÐ ¨$ Ðof€buyers€and€sellers.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àAll€research€relating€to€grades€and€standards€for€ornamentals€and€turf.€(Use€RPAÐ l!è  Ð906).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àAll€research€relating€to€grades€and€standards€for€bees€and€other€pollinatingÐ D#À" Ðinsects€and€their€products.€(Use€RPA€314).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð &„"% ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð à'\$' ÐÌà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600,€3800,€6200,€6700,€6800€(See€Commodity€Classification)€ÌÐ  T.Ð*. Ðòòò òRPA€502.à0 | àDEVELOPMENT€OF€MARKETS€AND€EFFICIENT€MARKETING€OFÐ „ ÐTIMBER€AND€RELATED€PRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌDevelopment€of€markets€and€efficient€marketing€of€timber€and€related€products€may€help€toÏmaintain€the€incomes€and€employment€associated€with€the€timber€industry.€Non-wood€productsÏhave€penetrated€many€traditional€markets€for€wood€materials€in€construction,€manufacturing,Ïshipping,€and€other€uses.€Research€to€evaluate€opportunities€for€market€expansion€throughÏmore€efficient€processing€and€marketing€of€timber€products€is€essential€to€maintain€and€improveÏthe€competitive€position€of€wood,€and€wood€and€timber€related€products.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€performance€requirements€for€various€wood€products€in€construction€and€otherÐ üx  Ðmarkets.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDetermining€consumer€attitudes€and€preference€for€various€wood€materials€andÐ ÔP  Ðrelationships€to€performance€requirements.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àChanges€in€processing€and€distribution€practices€that€would€lead€to€increased€marketingÐ ¬( Ðefficiency€and€lower€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAppraisals€of€the€economic€feasibility€of€developing€markets€for€underused€or€low-qualityÐ „ Ðtimber.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCost€reductions€through€improved€organization€and€management€of€marketing€andÐ \Ø Ðprocessing€firms.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àRelationships€involved€in€the€size€of€marketing€firms,€number€and€composition€of€productsÐ 4° Ðhandled,€and€marketing€and€processing€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEffects€on€marketing€and€processing€costs€and€user€demand€of€such€characteristics€of€rawÐ  ˆ Ðmaterial€supply€as€quality,€dependability,€and€availability€within€an€economic€distance.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMarket€development€and€marketing€efficiency€for€forest€products€other€than€timber€includingÐ ä` Ðnaval€stores,€maple€syrup,€chemicals€derived€from€trees,€Christmas€trees,€etc.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð € ü ÐÌà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ D#À" Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à6100à € àDeveloping€domestic€markets,€including€consumer€preference€and€behaviorÐ &„"% ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð à'\$' ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ¸)4&) ÐÐ  ¤* '* Ðòòò òRPA€503.à0 | àEFFICIENCY€IN€MARKETING€AGRICULTURAL€PRODUCTS€ANDÐ „ ÐPRODUCTION€INPUTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌThe€farm€supply,€processing,€and€marketing€sectors€account€for€a€large€percentage€of€the€retailÏvalue€of€food€and€fiber.€Thus,€there€are€large€potential€returns€from€research€to€improve€theÏefficiency€of€these€sectors€of€the€agricultural€industry.€Use€of€out-dated,€inefficient€marketingÏfacilities,€equipment,€and€methods€contributes€to€the€cost€of€supplying€production€inputs€andÏmoving€food€and€fiber€products€from€the€farm€to€consumers.€Research€can€identify€and€developÏways€to€reduce€these€costs.€As€consumers€continue€to€demand€more€marketing€services,€theÏimportance€of€efficiency€in€marketing€will€become€even€greater.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€the€effects€of€marketing€facility€layout,€equipment,€and€methods€on€handlingÐ èd  Ðcosts,€and€developing€the€types€of€facilities€and€combinations€of€facilities€that€will€moveÏproduction€inputs€to€the€farm€and€farm€products€from€farms€to€consumers€most€efficiently.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEvaluating€and€designing€transportation€equipment€and€handling€methods€to€reduce€lossesÐ ¬( Ðand€handling€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffects€of€characteristics€of€raw€products€such€as€quality,€stability,€and€physicalÐ „ Ðcharacteristics€on€marketing€and€processing€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àRouting€products€from€producers€to€consumers€in€such€a€way€as€to€minimize€transportationÐ \Ø Ðand€processing€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àOptimum€size€and€location€of€facilities€for€specified€levels€of€output.Ð4°@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproved€techniques€for€managerial€decision€making€and€communications€within€the€firm.Ð œ@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ¨$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ D#À" Ðà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3900,€4400,€4600-4800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ &„"% Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð ô&p#& ÐÐ  à'\$' Ðòòò òRPA€506.à0 | àSUPPLY,€DEMAND,€AND€PRICE€ANALYSIS„-CROP€AND€ANIMALÐ „ ÐPRODUCTSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌReliable€forecasts€of€supply,€demand,€and€prices€of€farm€products€are€essential€to€efficient€andÏorderly€marketing.€Individual€producers,€processing€and€marketing€firms,€and€end€users€baseÏdaily€decisions€upon€information€about€and€forecasts€of€future€supply,€demand,€and€priceÏconditions.€Sound€public€policy€decisions€on€acreage€control,€surplus€diversion,€and€foodÏassistance€to€developing€countries€are€dependent€upon€such€information.€The€farm€supplyÏindustries€need€similar€data€on€goods€and€services€purchased€by€producers€so€that€they€mayÏmake€orderly€adjustments€to€prospective€changes€in€supply,€demand,€and€price€of€productionÏinputs.ÌÌSome€large€firms€employ€staffs€to€carry€out€sophisticated€analyses€of€the€many€interrelatedÏfactors€that€must€be€considered€in€forecasting€supply,€demand,€and€price.€Small€firms,€mostÏfarmers,€and€consumers€do€not€have€the€resources€for€such€analyses.€Their€bargaining€powerÏwould€be€greatly€reduced€if€information€from€public€sources€were€not€available€to€them.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEffects€of€changes€in€supply€of€individual€commodities€on€farm€product€prices,€marketingÐ pì Ðspreads,€and€consumer€prices.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€of€changes€in€supply€of€one€commodity€on€prices€and€spreads€for€substitute€andÐ HÄ Ðcomplementary€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffects€of€income,€level€of€education,€type€of€residence,€and€other€consumer€characteristicsÐ  œ Ðon€demand.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffects€of€such€characteristics€of€supply€as€variability€of€production€on€user€demand.Ðøt@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àSeasonal€patterns€of€consumer€demand€and€effects€of€special€events€such€as€religious€andÐ ä` Ðnational€holidays€and€unusual€supply€and€demand€patterns€as€a€result€of€weather€extremes.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEffects€of€new€production€and€processing€technology€and€of€technological€developmentsÐ ¼8 Ðin€production€of€synthetics€on€demand€for€farm€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€improved€techniques€for€collecting€consumption€data€for€use€in€long-rangeÐ ” Ðprojections€of€demands.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð 0$¬ # ÐÌà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ &„"% Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à7400à € àImprovement€of€agricultural€statisticsÐ à'\$' ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à4400à € àAgricultural€economy€of€United€States€and€sectors€thereof,€includingÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€interrelationships€with€the€total€economyÐ  h-ä)- Ðò òRPA€506€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ (¤ Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ   Ðà @ à6800à0 € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð |€$€$ Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÐ  ì h Ðòòò òRPA€507.à0 | àCOMPETITIVE€INTERRELATIONSHIPS€IN€AGRICULTUREЄ|$|$ Ðóóó óÌCompetitive€interrelationships€in€agriculture€change€with€the€development€of€new€technology,Ïshifts€in€consumer€tastes,€and€organizational€changes€in€the€farm€supply,€production,€andÏmarketing€sectors.€An€understanding€of€the€changing€competitive€position€of€regions€andÏindustry€groups€is€necessary€for€sound€management€decisions,€particularly€long-term€investmentÏdecisions€by€farm€operators€and€managers€of€agriculture€related€firms.€The€development€ofÏsound€public€agricultural€policy€requires€estimates€of€its€probable€impact€on€the€competitiveÏposition€of€farmers€in€different€regions.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€competitive€position€of€different€regions€and€industry€groups€in€the€production€andÐ ÈD  Ðmarketing€of€agricultural€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€potential€impact€of€changes€in€transportation€costs,€wage€rates,€technology,€rates€ofÐ    Ðpopulation€growth,€and€other€factors€on€the€competitive€position€of€the€various€regionsÏproducing€or€handling€crop€and€livestock€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€potential€for€a€product€to€compete€with€other€farm€products€for€the€use€of€the€land,Ð dà Ðlabor,€and€other€production€resources€in€a€geographic€area.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð (¤ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð | ÐÌà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ ØT Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ `Ü Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð L È Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÐ  8!´  Ðòòò òRPA€508.à0 | àDEVELOPMENT€OF€DOMESTIC€MARKETS€FOR€FARMÐ „ ÐPRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌFarm€products€compete€with€other€goods€and€services€for€the€consumer's€dollar.€A€few€areÏwidely€advertised€by€processors.€Many€suffer€from€relatively€inadequate€presentation€of€theirÏvalue€to€consumers.€Some€products€are€not€readily€available€to€all€consumers€or€are€notÏavailable€in€the€forms€which€consumers€desire.€When€new€products€are€developed,Ïcommercialization€depends€upon€evaluation€of€market€potential€so€as€to€attract€venture€capitalÏinto€their€production.ÌÌSubstantial€investments€are€being€made€by€farmer-supported€organizations€in€an€effort€toÏimprove€farm€product€merchandising.€These€groups€look€to€research€to€evaluate€these€activitiesÏand€to€guide€them€to€more€effective€alternatives.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àMarket€potential€of€new€products.Ь(@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àAvailability€of€products€to€users€and€consumers€in€the€existing€marketing€system€and€factorsÐ ˜ Ðaffecting€their€availability.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àConsumer€response€to€alternative€advertising,€educational€and€promotional€techniques,€andÐ pì Ðactivities.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àConsumer€preference€studies€except€as€noted€below.ÐHÄ@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€development€of€markets€and€more€efficient€marketing€of€timberÐ  œ Ðproducts.€(Use€RPA€502).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€production€of€farm€products€with€improved€consumer€acceptability.Ð øt Ð(Use€RPA€402,€405,€or€409).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à0 | àResearch€on€development€of€new€and€improved€products.€(Use€RPA€401,€403,Ð ÐL Ð406,€407,€410,€or€411).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à0 | àResearch€on€specific€consumer€preference€studies€on:Ш$|$|$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€wood€products€(Use€RPA€502)Ìà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€bees€and€honey€(Use€RPA€314)Ìà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€recreation€(Use€RPA€902)Ìà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€fur-bearing€animals,€fish,€etc.€(Use€appropriate€RPA)Ìà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€trees€to€enhance€environment€(Use€RPA€905)Ìà @ àà ü àà € àà | à--€ornamentals€and€turf€(Use€RPA€906)ÌÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð &„"% ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð à'\$' ÐÌà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà0 @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ+ (+@$@$ Ðà @ à6100à € àDeveloping€domestic€markets,€including€consumer€preference€and€behaviorÐ |,ø(, ÐÐ  h-ä)- Ðò òRPA€508€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3800,€4700€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ   Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  | ÐÐ  ì h Ðòòò òRPA€509.à | àPERFORMANCE€OF€MARKETING€SYSTEMSóóó óÐ „ ÐÌPerformance€is€a€measure€of€the€consequences€or€benefits€that€flow€from€alternative€methodsÏof€performing€the€marketing€functions.€One€such€measure€has€been€farm-to-retail€price€spreadsÏover€time€for€the€market€in€the€aggregate,€as€well€as€for€individual€commodities.€Changing€priceÏspreads€provide€timely€signals€of€market€adjustments.€But,€an€interpretation€of€the€nature€of€suchÏdevelopments€in€relation€to€performance€requires€exacting€analyses€of€organizationÏcharacteristics€and€practices€of€marketing€firms€and€¢subsectors£.€Industry€concentration,€theÏoccurrence€of€mergers,€various€dimensions€of€integration€and€diversification€and€other€structuralÏelements€are€essential€ingredients€of€studies€seeking€an€explanation€of€market€performance.ÌÌWhile€structural€analyses€provide€many€helpful€clues€about€market€performance,€they€are€a€stepÏaway€from€the€achievement€of€a€total€overview€that€can€be€gained€by€regarding€the€market€asÏa€dynamic€operating€system€characterized€by€interlocking€activities€and€interactions.€EconomicÏlinkages€and€interdependencies€among€market€participants€need€to€be€identified€and€theÏproducts€and€outcomes€of€such€configurations€translated€into€various€equity€interpretations€toÏarrive€at€conclusions€about€market€performance€in€the€broadest€sense.€Ideally,€performanceÏshould€be€equated€with€the€interests€of€farmers,€marketing€firms,€capital€suppliers,€labor,€andÏconsumers.€In€this€context,€market€structure€analysis€is€not€an€end€in€itself€but€rather€a€majorÏcomponent€of€a€systems€approach€to€market€analysis.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àSimulation€and€behavioral€models€of€industry€systems€and€subsystems€for€use€in€evaluatingÐ ìh Ðperformance€in€terms€of€efficiency€and€participant€equity.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEconomic€intelligence€on€the€changing€structure€of€marketing€systems,€including€size€andÐ Ä@ Ðnumber€of€firms,€patterns€of€ownership,€development€of€integrated€and€contractualÏrelationships,€and€competitive€practices€of€marketing€firms.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEstimates€of€the€aggregate€effects€of€adjustments€of€individual€firms€in€an€industry€on€costs,Ð ˆ Ðprices,€and€marketing€margins.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àThe€effect€on€market€performance€of€public€utility€and€transportation€industry€adjustmentsÐ `Ü Ðto€public€programs,€policies,€and€regulations€(e.g.,€the€Interstate€Highway€System).Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àExpected€effects€on€the€firm€of€public€programs€and€legal€restraints€such€as€licensing,€taxÐ 8!´  Ðregulations,€grades€and€standards,€and€sanitation€requirements.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEffects€of€market€coordination€and€integration€on€price€determination€and€on€the€efficiencyÐ #Œ" Ðof€price€as€an€¢allocative£€mechanism.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¬'($' ÐÌà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ „)&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ \+Ø'+ ÐÐ  H,Ä(, Ðò òRPA€509€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3900,€4600-4800€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ   Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð  | ÐÐ  ì h Ðòòò òRPA€510.€GROUP€ACTION€AND€MARKET€POWERóóó óÐ „ ÐÌResearch€on€group€action€and€market€power€is€essential€to€help€producers€and€agriculturalÏmarketing,€purchasing,€and€service€organizations€adjust€to€a€changing€agricultural€productionÏpattern,€a€changing€market€structure,€increasing€urbanization,€and€increasing€rural,€non-farmerÏresidency.€Cooperatives,€marketing€orders€and€agreements,€and€other€types€of€group€effort€offerÏpotential€for€strengthening€or€improving€the€economic€and€social€position€of€farmers€and€otherÏrural€residents.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àEffectiveness€of€alternative€forms€of€group€action€under€different€supply,€demand,€and€priceÐ Ü X  Ðrelationships.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDesign€and€development€of€appropriate€institutional€devices€for€bargaining.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àRole€of€the€individual€in€group€action€related€to€marketing€and€purchasing.Р @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffectiveness€of€organizational€structures€in€serving€rural€people€in€relation€to€ownershipÐ Œ Ðcontrol,€financial€requirements,€management€capabilities,€and€market€responsibility.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDetermination€of€additional,€modified,€or€new€services€and€techniques€that€can€be€used€byÐ dà Ðagricultural€and€other€types€of€rural€associations.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð (¤ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð | ÐÌà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ØT Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ °, ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˆ ÐÌà @ à4600à € àFarmer€cooperativesÐ `Ü Ðà @ à4700à € àMarketing,€processing,€and€supply€firms€other€than€cooperativesÐ L È Ðà @ à4800à € àMarketing€systems€and€sectors€thereofÐ 8!´  ÐÐ  $" ! Ðòòò òRPA€511.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€IN€AGRICULTURAL€STATISTICSó óЄ|$|$ ÐóóÌAccurate€information€concerning€production,€marketing,€and€pricing€of€farm€products€is€essentialÏfor€research€and€is€needed€by€farmers,€private€industry,€and€government€for€wise€decisionÏmaking.€Dynamic€changes€in€the€whole€fabric€of€agricultural€production,€processing,€andÏmarketing€have€greatly€expanded€the€amount,€precision,€and€detail€of€information€needed,€andÏintroduced€new€problems€of€collecting€this€information.€One€of€the€dynamic€changes€has€beenÏthe€integration€of€supply,€production,€and€marketing€functions.€With€the€increase€in€integration,Ïthe€points€at€which€meaningful€data€have€traditionally€been€collected€are€losing€their€relevance.ÌÌA€new€structuring€of€the€statistics€is€essential€to€bring€statistical€measures€into€agreement€withÏthe€actual€production€and€marketing€system.€The€field€of€statistics€relating€to€agricultureÏincluding€farm€income€and€population€and€market€prices€of€farm€products€is€in€need€ofÏimprovement.€Traditional€methods€of€collection€and€estimation€of€economic€statistics€forÏagriculture€cannot€produce€the€data€needed€to€analyze,€define,€and€quantify€the€dynamicÏchanges€in€agriculture.€The€reconstruction€of€the€statistical€program€in€terms€of€content€andÏparameters€to€be€estimated€will€require€much€research€effort€in€addition€to€research€in€theÏtechniques€of€effective€and€efficient€data€collection.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDefinitions€and€concepts€needed€for€statistical€purposes,€together€with€establishment€ofÐ  Ðcriteria€for€classifying€agricultural€enterprises.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àQuestionnaire€and€survey€design€and€definitions€to€reduce€non-sampling€errors€in€collectionÐ ìh Ðof€crop,€livestock,€yield,€production,€price,€farm€labor,€and€other€agricultural€data.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àSampling€frames€-€both€simple€and€multiple€-€to€obtain€data€on€yield,€production,€price,€andÐ Ä@ Ðlabor.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€of€forecasting€and€estimating€yield.М@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àApplication€of€new€technology€in€transmission€and€data€processing.Ј@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àUse€of€administrative€records€associated€with€various€public€programs€as€sampling€framesÐ tð Ðand€as€sources€of€data.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€the€application€of€remote€sensing€techniques€to€crop€and€livestockÐ 8!´  Ðestimates.€(Use€RPA€113).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ü#x # ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌà @ à7400à € àImprovement€of€agricultural€statisticsÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à7500à € àDevelopment€of€research€equipment€and€technologyÐ ˜(%( ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð p*ì&* ÐÌà @ à6400à € àExperimental€design€and€statistical€methodsÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à7000à € àResearch€equipment€and€technology€(such€as€remote€sensing)Ð  4-°)- Ðòòò òRPA€512.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€GRADES€AND€STANDARDS„-FORESTÐ „ ÐPRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌGrades€and€standards€describe€the€characteristics€of€a€product€so€that€producers€andÏprocessors,€and€buyers€and€sellers€can€gauge€product€utility.€Tree€grades€provide€a€means€ofÏmore€effectively€valuing€growing€stock,€thus€assisting€the€producer€to€set€specific€goals€forÏsilvicultural€practice€and€to€obtain€true€value€for€¢stumpage£.€Log€grades€reduce€the€uncertaintyÏin€product€transactions€and€permit€sorting€logs€for€their€highest€use,€to€the€benefit€of€both€buyerÏand€seller.€Standards€for€processed€forest€products€likewise€assist€buyers€in€obtaining€productÏcharacteristics€they€desire€and€sellers€in€obtaining€appropriate€compensation€for€what€they€sell.ÏBecause€wood€is€heterogenous€material,€the€efficiency€of€wood€markets€depends€to€a€largeÏdegree€on€a€system€of€accurate€and€understandable€grades€and€standards.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€the€bases€for€selection€of€quality€criteria€used€in€process€and€productÐ À< Ðspecifications.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDetermining€the€relationships€between€product€specification,€physical€characteristics€ofÐ ˜ Ðtrees€and€logs,€and€process€capability.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€techniques€for€evaluating€product€quality€level.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDescribing€product€quality€characteristics€and€variations€for€which€grades€and€standardsÐ \Ø Ðshould€be€developed.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEvaluating€the€effectiveness€of€particular€grades€and€standards€in€meeting€the€requirementsÐ 4° Ðof€buyers€and€sellers.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ ¨$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð € ü ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð  X"Ô! Ðòòò òRPA€513.à0 | àSUPPLY,€DEMAND,€AND€PRICE€ANALYSIS-„FORESTÐ „ ÐPRODUCTSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌImproved€forecasts€of€supply,€demand,€and€prices€of€forest€products€are€essential€to€moreÏefficient€and€orderly€planning€for€production€and€marketing.€Individual€producers,€processingÏand€marketing€firms,€and€end€users€base€decisions€upon€information€about€the€forecasts€ofÏfuture€supply,€demand,€and€price€conditions.€Public€policy€on€forest€use€is€likewise€dependentÏon€such€information.€The€forest€supply€industries€need€similar€data€on€goods€and€servicesÏpurchased€by€producers€so€that€they€may€make€orderly€adjustments€to€prospective€changes€inÏsupply,€demand,€and€price€of€production€inputs.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€improved€techniques€for€collection€of€data.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€of€changes€in€supply€of€individual€commodities€upon€¢stumpage£€prices,€marketingÐ ÔP  Ðspread,€and€consumer€prices.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffects€of€changes€in€supply€of€one€commodity€upon€prices€and€spreads€for€a€substituteÐ ¬( Ðproduct.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffects€of€income,€level€of€education,€type€of€residence,€and€other€consumer€characteristicsÐ „ Ðon€demand.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEffects€of€such€characteristics€of€supply€as€variability€of€production€upon€user€demands.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àSeasonal€patterns€of€consumer€demands.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àEffects€of€new€production€and€processing€technology€and€technological€developments€inÐ 4° Ðproduction€of€synthetics€on€demand€for€forest€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àImpact€of€current€and€proposed€government€programs€on€supply,€demand,€and€price.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€methods€of€collecting€data€and€disseminating€market€information.Ðøt@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ € ü Ðà @ à7400à € àImprovement€of€agricultural€statisticsÐ l!è  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð D#À" ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ à3600à € àGeneral€purpose€supplies€(including€machinery,€equipment,€fertilizers,€feedstuffs,€andÐ &„"% Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€pesticides)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð à'\$' ÐÌÐ  ¸)4&) ÐÑ r ÑÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@\\'ìàòòGOAL€VIóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òEXPAND€EXPORT€MARKETS€AND€ASSIST€DEVELOPING€NATIONSó óÐ \Ø ÐóóÌÌOur€agricultural€products€contribute€prominently€to€our€balance€of€payments€position.€TheÏpotential€is€far€greater.€We€need€more€and€better€sales€promotion€efforts.€We€need€to€directÏmore€effort€toward€producing€and€marketing€to€meet€specific€market€preferences€and€toÏdeveloping€preferences€for€desirable€attributes€our€products€already€have.€We€need€much€moreÏknowledge€of€how€to€establish€foreign€markets,€how€to€organize€production€and€marketing€toÏmeet€export€demand,€and€what€potential€our€products€have€in€foreign€markets.ÌÌOur€sense€of€moral€responsibility€impels€us€to€help€people€in€need.€At€the€same€time€ourÏabundant€food,€fiber,€and€agricultural€technology€represent€our€most€effective€instrument€ofÏforeign€policy.€Agricultural€and€forestry€technical€assistance€will€help€developing€nationsÏproduce€more€of€their€own€food€needs,€contribute€to€their€economic€growth,€and€lead€toÏexpanded€export€markets€for€us.€Our€productive€capacity€can€serve€a€useful€and€humanitarianÏpurpose€in€helping€to€feed€hungry€people€wherever€the€need€exists.€Much€ingenuity€will€beÏrequired€in€order€to€accomplish€this€humanitarian€objective€without€upsetting€world€markets€andÏinternal€economics€of€the€countries€involved.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€601-604,€inclusive.ÌÐ  ØT Ðòòò òRPA€601.à | àFOREIGN€MARKET€DEVELOPMENTó óÐ „ ÐóóÌThe€U.S.€lost€its€preeminent€position€in€agricultural€trade€during€the€1980's.€€The€U.S.€share€ofÏworld€agricultural€trade€was€21%€in€1980€but€declined€to€15€percent€in€1988.€€The€U.S.€is€nowÏfaced€with€new€competitors€in€the€global€marketplace.€€Since€agricultural€production€exceedsÏdomestic€needs,€the€economic€viability€of€the€U.S.€food€and€agricultural€system€in€the€yearsÏahead€depends€on€the€expansion€of€export€sales.€€For€example,€in€1989€the€U.S.€exported€overÏtwo„fifths€of€its€harvested€acreage€and€a€half„million€farm€jobs€were€dependent€on€the€productionÏof€exported€agricultural€products.€€These€exports€also€create€about€6€million€off„farm€jobs€inÏfinancing,€storage,€packaging,€processing,€merchandising,€and€shipping.ÌÌAn€increasing€concern€is€the€competitive€position€of€the€U.S.€in€the€international€marketing€ofÏvalue„added€food€products.€€The€potential€benefits€from€the€increased€export€of€value„addedÏproducts€is€enormous.€€In€1986,€it€was€estimated€the€U.S.€would€have€an€additional€$9€billionÏin€value„added€exports€and€an€additional€350,000€Americans€employed€in€processing,Ïmarketing,€and€handling€if€growth€in€value„added€exports€had€been€comparable€with€growth€inÏbulk€commodity€exports.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àPrediction€of€trade€levels€by€analysis€of€current€and€prospective€changes€in€population,Ð (¤ Ðincomes,€price€levels;€domestic€agricultural€production,€and€economic€development€ofÏimporting€countries;€and€the€development€of€economic€models€to€predict€trade€levels.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€of€¢regionalization£,€changing€trade€policies,€and€market€organizations€in€importingÐ ìh Ðcountries€on€U.S.€agricultural€exports.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffectiveness€of€promotional€programs€for€expanding€foreign€markets.ÐÄ@@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àTrade€agreements€and€other€government€programs€as€methods€of€expanding€exports€ofÐ °, Ðfarm€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€current€and€prospective€trends€in€production,€trade,€and€consumption€inÐ ˆ Ðcompetitor€countries.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDetermination€of€the€countries€or€regions€which€have€a€comparative€advantage€in€theÐ `Ü Ðproduction€of€specific€agricultural€commodities.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDetermination€of€needs€for€new€and€improved€products€and€processing€and€packagingÐ 8!´  Ðmethods€that€appeal€to€the€preference€of€consumers€in€other€countries€and€better€maintainÏthe€quality€of€the€product.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€the€development€of€new€and€improved€products€and€processes€andÐ è$d!$ Ðpackaging.€(Use€RPA€604).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¬'($' ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð „)&) ÐÌà @ à6200à € àForeign€trade,€market€development,€and€competitionÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ  H,Ä(, Ðò òRPA€601€(¢Cont'd£)Ð „ ÐÌÌó ó€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à0600,€0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3800,€4400,€4500,€6700,€6800€(See€CommodityÌà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Classification)Ð  $   Ðò òòòRPA€602.à | àEVALUATION€OF€FOREIGN€FOOD€AID€PROGRAMSóóó óÐ „ ÐÌOur€country€is€subsidizing€large€scale€exports€of€food€annually€to€countries€that€do€not€haveÏenough€foreign€exchange€to€buy€this€food€for€their€undernourished€people.€Research€is€neededÏto€analyze€the€effects€of€food€aid€on€economic€development,€agricultural€productivity,€and€tradeÏof€the€recipient€countries.€There€is€little€prospect€that€domestic€production€of€many€developingÏcountries€plus€commercial€imports€will€be€adequate€to€fill€their€food€and€fiber€needs€for€someÏyears€to€come.€Effective€food€aid€from€countries€with€exportable€surpluses€can€permit€continuedÏeconomic€development€in€countries€where€shortages€in€food€production€occur.€The€localÏcurrencies€derived€from€food€aid€also€provide€a€valuable€resource€that,€under€appropriateÏguidelines,€can€be€used€to€promote€economic€development.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àHow€food€aid€can€best€contribute€to€the€economic€development€of€the€recipient€country€withÐ    Ðthe€least€disruption€of€commercial€markets,€including€those€for€domestic€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€probable€volume€and€duration€of€food€aid€needed.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€impact€on€U.S.€farm€income€and€relative€program€cost€as€a€consequence€of€relaxingÐ dà Ðour€production€controls€and€expanding€¢concessional£€exports.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àWays€of€increasing€the€efficiency€of€handling€food€aid€in€the€recipient€country,€includingÐ <¸ Ðlabor,€transportation,€and€storage.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àUse€of€food€aid€or€local€currency€receipts€from€sale€of€food€aid€as€wage€goods€in€theÐ  Ðdevelopment€of€roads,€schools,€and€other€public€facilities€necessary€for€the€developmentÏof€a€modern€economy€in€the€recipient€country.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMeasurement€of€the€extent€to€which€diets€in€developing€countries€fall€short€of€minimumÐ ØT Ðnutritional€requirements€as€published€in€WORLD€FOOD€BUDGET.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð œ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð tð ÐÌà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ L È Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ 8!´  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à4500à0 € àAgricultural€economy€of€foreign€countries€and€sectors€thereof,€includingÐè$d!$€$€$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€interrelationships€with€the€total€economyÐ  Ô%P"% Ðòòò òRPA€603.à | àTECHNICAL€ASSISTANCE€TO€DEVELOPING€COUNTRIESóóó óÐ „ ÐÌIn€recognition€of€our€vital€stake€in€a€peaceful€and€prosperous€world,€the€U.S.€has€undertakenÏprograms€of€technical€assistance€to€developing€countries.€Economic€development€in€most€ofÏthem,€at€least€in€the€early€stages,€is€largely€a€matter€of€improving€the€productivity€of€theirÏagriculture.€A€developing€agriculture€supplies€a€means€of€capital€accumulation,€provides€anÏexpanding€market€for€the€products€of€other€industries,€and€eventually€releases€workers€to€otherÏsectors€of€the€economy.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€new€technology€for€increasing€yields€and€output€of€farm€products€andÐ Ü X  Ðenhancing€marketing€and€distribution€activities€through€(1)€adaptation€to€local€conditionsÏof€methods€proved€effective€elsewhere,€and€(2)€developing€new€methods€specifically€for€useÏin€the€developing€country€or€local€area.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDetermination€of€conditions€that€promote€or€retard€improvements€in€agricultural€productivity,Ð Œ Ðsuch€as€educational€levels,€cost-price€relationships,€availability€of€improved€productionÏtechnology,€and€cultural,€legal,€and€institutional€factors.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDetermination€of€optimum€allocation€of€resources€for€agricultural€vs.€nonagriculturalÐ PÌ Ðdevelopment,€and€for€production€of€farm€products€for€domestic€use€vs.€production€of€farmÏproducts€for€export.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àWays€of€choosing,€developing,€and€training€native€research€personnel€to€staff€theÐ  Ðdeveloping€country's€agricultural€research€and€teaching€programs.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€the€effects€of€educational€programs€on€production€practices,€nutrition,€health,Ð ìh Ðsanitation,€housing,€and€techniques€of€leadership€development.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àContribution€to€economic€development€by€organizational€groups€such€as€cooperatives,Ð Ä@ Ðservice€agencies,€and€youth€groups.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à4100-7500€(See€Activity€Classification)ÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à0100-7000€(See€Commodity€Classification)ÌÐ  Ô%P"% Ðò òòòRPA€604.à0 | àPRODUCT€DEVELOPMENT€AND€MARKETING€FOR€FOREIGNÐ „ ÐMARKETSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌSales€of€farm€products€abroad€are€an€important€source€of€income€for€American€farmers€and€theyÏcontribute€substantially€to€the€U.S.€balance€of€payments.€Product€development€and€processingÏis€an€essential€phase€of€meeting€the€particular€requirements€of€different€foreign€groups.€InÏaddition,€processing€may€serve€to€reduce€transportation€costs€by€putting€products€in€moreÏconcentrated€forms€and€eliminating€waste€portions€prior€to€shipment.ÌÌAnother€vital€factor€in€the€competition€for€foreign€markets€is€efficiency€in€the€performance€of€theÏvarious€functions€that€make€up€the€total€process€of€marketing.€The€functions€include€packaging,Ïhandling,€transportation,€and€quality€maintenance.€The€marketing€abroad€of€products€ofÏagricultural€origin€poses€many€problems€such€as€distance,€climate,€food€habits,€and€food€safetyÏlaws.€Success€in€dealing€with€these€problems€requires€continuing€research.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDeveloping€new€and€improved€products€that€appeal€to€consumers€in€foreign€countries,€andÐ ˜ Ðefficient€processing€methods€to€derive€these€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€supplemental€protein€foods€and€various€types€of€fortified€foods€for€use€inÐ pì Ðcountries€with€specific€dietary€deficiencies.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€processed€foods€from€plentiful€raw€materials€that€will€appeal€to€foreign€tastesÐ HÄ Ðand€induce€new€food€habits.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àModifying€existing€non-food€products€obtained€from€agricultural€materials€and€developingÐ  œ Ðnew€ones€for€specific€foreign€markets.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€containers€and€packages€suited€to€overseas€transportation€requirements€andÐ øt Ðforeign€consumer€preferences.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDetermining€food€safety€and€quality€requirements€in€foreign€countries€and€developingÐ ÐL Ðmarket€practices€to€meet€these€requirements.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ” ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌà @ à5410à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€foodÐ D#À" Ðà @ à5420à € àBiochemical€and€chemical€reactions€in€foodÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à5430à € àSensory€properties€of€foodÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð &„"% Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð ¸)4&) Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐ + (+ Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€604€(¢Cont'd£)Ð „ ÐÌó óÌ€€òòActivities:óóÐ XÔ ÐÌà @ à6200à € àForeign€trade,€market€development,€and€competitionÐ 0¬ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð  „ ÐÌà @ à0600,€0800-1200,€1400-3400,€3600-3800,€6200€(See€Commodity€Classification)ÌÐ  Ì H  ÐÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@@@&ìàòòGOAL€VIIóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òPROTECT€CONSUMER€HEALTH€AND€IMPROVE€NUTRITION€ANDÐ \Ø ÐWELL-BEING€OF€THE€AMERICAN€PEOPLEóóÐ |ø Ðó óÌÌThe€public€expects€agriculture€to€produce€and€market€foods€that€it€can€buy€with€confidence.€ThisÏmeans€food€that€is€wholesome€and€free€from€harmful€pesticide€residues,€disease€agents,€or€toxicÏsubstances.€While€this€nation€has€a€food€supply€that€cannot€be€surpassed€for€wholesomenessÏanywhere€in€the€world,€there€is€ample€room€for€improvement,€particularly€with€respect€toÏmicrobiological€safety€and€chemical€residues.€Also,€we€are€concerned€with€helping€people€in€theÏselection,€construction,€and€care€of€clothing€and€textiles,€and€in€controlling€insect€pests€of€manÏand€his€belongings.ÌÌIn€spite€of€our€abundant€food€supply,€a€large€percentage€of€our€families€have€poor€diets.€WeÏhave€better€knowledge€of€optimum€diets€for€some€of€our€livestock€than€for€our€people.€We€needÏto€know€how€to€blend€our€plentiful€food€supply€into€better€diets€for€buoyant€health€and€longevity.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€701-709,€inclusive.ÌÐ  HÄ Ðòòò òRPA€701.à0 | àINSURE€FOOD€PRODUCTS€FREE€OF€TOXIC€CONTAMINANTS,Ð „ ÐINCLUDING€RESIDUES€FROM€AGRICULTURAL€AND€OTHERÏSOURCESóóÐÄ@|$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€on€toxic€residues€of€agricultural€origin€is€needed€to€determine€the€levels€andÏcircumstances€under€which€chemicals€may€be€safely€used€in€crop€or€livestock€production.€ThereÏis€widespread€public€concern€as€to€the€nature€and€seriousness€of€the€hazards€caused€by€the€useÏof€chemicals€in€the€production€of€farm€products.€Farmers€have€a€vital€stake€in€the€detection€andÏelimination€of€these€hazards€because€of€their€possible€effects€on€human€health,€the€resultingÏhesitancy€on€the€part€of€consumers€to€buy€certain€farm€products,€and€the€income€loss€that€mayÏoccur€if€products€are€not€acceptable.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àSafe€levels€of€residues€on€or€in€farm€products€for€human€consumption.Є @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€behavior€and€fate€of€pesticides€and€other€applied€chemicals€in€and€on€plants,€animals,Ð ôp Ðand€their€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€nature€and€permanence€of€toxic€metabolites€produced€by€plants€or€animals€which€haveÐ ÌH Ðabsorbed€or€consumed€pesticides€or€other€chemicals€and€methods€of€removing€them€orÏreducing€their€concentration.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àQuick€and€accurate€methods€for€monitoring€pesticide€residue€levels€in€or€on€crop€andÐ   Ðlivestock€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€equipment€and€facilities€to€reduce€or€eliminate€toxic€residues€fromÐ hä Ðagricultural€sources.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€identification€and€control€of€pollutants€and€safe€disposal€of€pesticideÐ ,¨ Ðmaterials.€(Use€RPA€901).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€to€reduce€ingestion€of€harmful€pesticides€and€other€chemicals€in€or€onÐ € Ðanimal€feeds.€(Use€RPA€213).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ÈD ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  !  ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ x#ô" Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ d$à # Ðà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ P%Ì!$ Ðà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ <&¸"% Ðà @ à4880à € àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ ('¤#& Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ ($' ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ì)h&) ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-2000,€2200-2500,€2700-3400,€3600,€3800,€6100,€6300,€6700,€6800€(SeeÌà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Commodity€Classification)ÌÐ  œ-*- Ðòòò òRPA€702.à0 | àPROTECT€FOOD€AND€FEED€SUPPLIES€FROM€HARMFULÐ „ ÐMICROORGANISMS€AND€NATURALLY€OCCURRING€TOXINSÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌAgriculture€has€a€responsibility€for€ensuring€the€production€of€foods€and€feeds€which€are€safeÏto€eat.€The€United€States€enjoys€a€reputation€for€food€supplies€that€are€microbiologically€amongÏthe€safest€in€the€world.€Nevertheless,€salmonellae,€staphylococci,€¢botulini£,€¢trichinellae£,€and€otherÏharmful€microorganisms€are€a€constant€threat€in€inadequately€processed€or€preserved€foods€andÏfeeds.€¢Mycotoxins£,€such€as€those€affecting€peanuts,€and€naturally€occurring€toxins,€such€asÏ¢gossypol£,€also€affect€food€and€feed€supplies.€The€Public€Health€Service€has€determined€thatÏsalmonellosis€in€humans€is€a€significant€problem.€Agriculture€must€reduce€the€risk€to€man€fromÏthese€and€other€harmful€microorganisms€and€toxins.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àMethods€for€freeing€breeding€and€production€herds€and€flocks€of€Salmonella€and€otherÐ ÔP  Ðharmful€microorganisms.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àWays€to€provide€livestock€and€poultry€with€feeds€that€are€free€of€harmful€microorganisms.Ь(@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àPrevention€of€transmission€of€harmful€microorganisms€from€human€carriers€to€livestock€andÐ ˜ Ðfeed€or€food€supplies.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àProduction€of€microbiologically€safe€foods.Ðpì@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMaintenance€of€microbiological€safety€in€handling,€processing,€packaging,€and€distributingÐ \Ø Ðfood€products.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproved€methods€of€food€handling,€storage,€and€preparation€at€home€or€in€institutions€forÐ 4° Ðgreater€microbiological€safety.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àMethods€for€preventing€or€eliminating€¢mycotoxins£€in€peanuts€and€other€field€crops.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€of€preventing,€removing,€or€controlling€naturally€occurring€toxins€and€allergens€inÐ øt Ðagricultural€products.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àProduction€of€field€crops€with€improved€acceptability€where€the€objective€is€toÐ ¼8 Ðreduce€naturally€occurring€toxins.€(Use€RPA€405).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àProtection€of€livestock€and€poultry€from€poisonous€plants.€(Use€RPA€213).Д|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð l!è  ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð D#À" ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ &„"% Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à4880à € àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ Ì(H%( ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¤* '* ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-2000,€2200-2500,€2700-3400,€3600,€3800,€4000,€4100€(See€CommodityÌà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Classification)Ìà @ à6200à € àSeed€researchÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€702€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ (¤ Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð   Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsà È àÐ  | Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð ì h ÐÐ  Ø T  Ðòòò òRPA€703.à0 | àFOOD€CHOICES,€HABITS,€AND€CONSUMPTIONóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌKnowledge€of€what€people€actually€eat€and€why€is€limited.€The€problems€in€this€area€areÏcomplex€and€difficult€to€investigate.€Many€factors€are€involved€when€people€make€their€foodÏchoices.€Patterns€of€food€consumption€have€important€implications€for€well-being€throughout€theÏlife€span.ÌÌThe€profile€of€food€choices€of€people€in€our€country€are€reflected€in€food€consumption€patterns.ÏKnowledge€about€food€consumption€patterns€is€needed€to€provide€the€basis€for€evaluatingÏnutritional€adequacy€of€segments€of€the€population.ÌÌKnowledge€of€food€choices€and€habits€of€people,€ways€to€motivate€people€to€change€whereÏneeded,€together€with€food€consumption€patterns,€form€the€basis€for€the€establishment€ofÏeducational€programs€and€other€action€programs€to€improve€nutrition€in€different€groups.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€economic,€psychological,€sociological,€and€physiological€factors€associated€with€age,Ð dà Ðethnic,€and€income€groups€that€function€as€determinants€and€motivating€forces€in€makingÏfood€choices.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àFood€habits,€understanding,€and€misconceptions€about€nutrition.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€of€informing€people€about€the€relationship€of€food€to€health.Ð@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€of€stimulating€people€to€improve€their€food€habits,€including€analysis€of€the€processÐ | Ðof€attitude€and€behavior€change.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àFood€consumption€patterns€of€the€nation€and€of€various€population€groups.ÐØT@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€the€effects€of€programs€to€improve€nutritional€status€on€food€choices.ÐÄ@@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àComputer€approaches€to€diet€and€menu€planning.а,@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à6320à € àHuman€nutrient€requirementsÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à6340à € àFood€consumption€patterns€and€useÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6360à € àMetabolism€and€function€of€nutrients€in€foodÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6370à € àHuman€nutrition€and€behaviorÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6380à € àHuman€nutritional€monitoring€and€surveillanceÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à7000à € àDesign€of€experiments€and€methods€of€statistical€analysisÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ „)&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð \+Ø'+ ÐÌà0 @ à0800-1200,€1400-2000,€2200-2500,€2700-3400,€3800,€4000,€4100,€6700€(SeeÐ @$@$ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Commodity€Classification)Ð   .œ*. Ðòòò òRPA€704.à | àHOME€AND€COMMERCIAL€FOOD€SERVICEóóó óÐ „ ÐÌGuidelines€are€necessary€to€insure€the€wholesomeness,€nutritional€value,€taste,€appearance,Ïand€safety€of€both€commercially€and€home€prepared€foods.€Methods€for€improved€preparationÏand€storage€of€food€that€reduce€waste€and€assure€quality€and€safety€of€food€are€needed€toÏincrease€consumer€appeal.ÌÌCommercially€prepared€foods€are€moving€to€the€public€through€newly€developed€channels€ofÏdistribution.€Trends€are€apparent€in€automatic€vending€of€more€foods;€in€central€preparation€ofÏfood€for€large€groups;€and€in€more€centralization€of€food€preparation€for€restaurant€and€homeÏuse.€Each€new€development€in€food€preparation€requires€the€determination€of€factors€related€toÏpalatability,€wholesomeness,€safety,€and€nutritional€value€and€an€assurance€of€consumerÏacceptance.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àFactors€that€achieve€the€highest€quality€of€food€prepared€at€home€or€commercially.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àEffects€of€different€methods€of€preparing,€holding,€and€serving€food€on€wholesomeness,Ð dà Ðnutrient€content,€quality,€and€consumer€satisfaction.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àKnowledge€regarding€the€effects€and€interrelationships€of€factors€such€as€time€andÐ <¸ Ðtemperature€in€the€preparation€of€food€at€home€or€commercially.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAdaptation€of€computer€approaches€to€food€preparation€and€services.Ð@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€methods€to€provide€effective,€efficient€management€in€institutional€andÐ | Ðcommercial€food€services.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDevelopment€of€guidelines€for€product€labeling€to€improve€consumer€information€aboutÐ ØT Ðproduct€quality,€preparation€and€storage,€nutritional€values,€and€unit€cost€of€foods€for€homeÏand€commercial€use.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ˆ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð `Ü ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ $" ! Ðà @ à5800à € àIdentification,€measurement,€and€maintenance€of€qualityÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ü#x # Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6320à € àHuman€nutrient€requirementsÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à6340à € àFood€consumption€patterns€and€useÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à6360à € àMetabolism€and€function€of€nutrients€in€foodÐ „)&) Ðà @ à6370à € àHuman€nutrition€and€behaviorÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à6380à € àHuman€nutritional€monitoring€and€surveillanceÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ  H,Ä(, Ðò òRPA€704€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-2000,€2200-2500,€2700-3400,€3800,€4600,€4700€(See€CommodityÌà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Classification)ÌÐ   | Ðòòò òRPA€705.à0 | àSELECTION€AND€CARE€OF€CLOTHING€AND€HOUSEHOLDÐ „ ÐTEXTILESóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€on€the€purchase,€use,€and€care€of€clothing€and€household€textiles€is€needed€to€assistÏconsumers€in€obtaining€greater€service€from€products€derived€from€agricultural€raw€materials.ÏResearch€is€needed€to€provide€knowledge€about€the€products€of€agriculture€used€in€clothing€andÏhousehold€textiles€and€on€the€choices€that€consumers€make€of€these€products.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermination€of€the€properties€of€agricultural€fibers€which€affect€consumer€satisfactionÐ $    Ðwhen€such€fibers€are€used€in€textiles,€clothing,€and€for€other€household€purposes.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethods€of€predicting€fabric€performance€in€service.Ðüx @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àCombinations€of€fibers€and€fabrics€that€will€best€meet€consumer€preferences€and€needs.Ðèd @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àSafe,€economical,€and€efficient€methods€of€care€and€maintenance€of€clothing€and€householdÐ ÔP  Ðtextiles,€with€emphasis€on€new€developments€in€fibers€and€finishes.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àFactors€influencing€consumption€patterns€for€clothing€and€household€textiles€of€familiesÐ ¬( Ðaccording€to€income€and€stage€in€the€family€cycle€as€a€basis€for€developing€budgets€ofÏexpenditures€for€these€items€by€families.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àThe€effect€of€¢drycleaning£€and€laundering€on€survival€of€harmful€microorganisms€and€viruses.Ðpì@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€control€of€insect€pests€affecting€clothing,€carpeting,€and€otherÐ HÄ Ðtextiles.€(Use€RPA€706).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ ¼8 Ðà0 @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsШ$@$@$ Ðà0 @ à5100à € àIncreasing€consumer€acceptability€of€farm€and€forest€productsД@$@$ Ðà @ à5600à € àChemical€and€physical€properties€of€non-food€productsÐ € ü Ðà0 @ à5700à € àDeveloping€new€and€improved€non-food€products€and€processesÐl!è @$@$ Ðà @ à6410à € àQuality€of€family€livingÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à6420à € àQuality€of€housingÐ D#À" Ðà0 @ à6450à € àQuality€of€management€and€use€of€personal,€domestic,€and€other€resourcesÐ0$¬ #@$@$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð &„"% ÐÌà @ à3700à € àClothing€and€textilesÐ à'\$' Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÐ  Ì(H%( Ðòòò òRPA€706.à0 | àCONTROL€OF€INSECT€PESTS€OF€MAN€AND€HIS€BELONGINGSó óЄ|$|$ ÐóóÌInsects,€ticks,€and€mites€are€known€to€be€vectors€of€such€diseases€as€encephalitis,€malaria,Ïtyphus,€bubonic€plague,€and€Rocky€Mountain€Spotted€Fever.€Mosquitoes,€flies,€and€otherÏinsects€are€also€a€great€annoyance€to€man.€Insects€cause€serious€damage€to€the€belongings€ofÏman.€Included€are€such€pests€as€clothes€moths,€roaches,€and€carpet€beetles.€We€need€to€learnÏmore€about€the€biology€of€the€insects€affecting€man,€and€about€safe,€effective,€and€economicalÏmeans€of€controlling€them.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àStudies€on€the€biology€and€ecology€of€the€insects,€ticks,€and€mites€of€concern.ÐÜ X @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€attractants€and€repellents.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€biological€methods€of€control.д0 @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€safer€and€more€effective€methods€of€chemical€control.Р @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€to€control€insects€that€damage€clothing,€rugs,€and€upholstery;€andÐ Œ Ðmosquitoes,€roaches,€gnats,€house€flies,€and€sand€flies.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àStudies€on€the€role€of€insects,€ticks,€and€mites€in€disease€transmission.€(Use€RPAÐ PÌ Ð707).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€control€of€insects€affecting€stored€food€products.€(Use€RPA€404,€408Ð (¤ Ðor€412).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€control€of€insects€affecting€pets.€(Use€RPA€210).Ð | Ðà @ àà0 ü à(4)à | àResearch€on€control€of€insects€affecting€wood€products.€(Use€RPA€401).Ðìhü$ü$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ tð Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ `Ü ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð 8!´  ÐÌà @ à3700à € àClothing€and€textilesÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð ü#x # Ðà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ Ô%P"% ÐÐ  À&<#& Ðòòò òRPA€707.à0 | àPREVENT€TRANSMISSION€OF€ANIMAL€DISEASES€ANDÐ „ ÐPARASITES€TO€MANóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌResidents€of€the€United€States€are€fortunate€that€animal€diseases€transmissible€to€man€haveÏbecome€a€relatively€low€risk.€Although€much€progress€has€been€made€in€eradicating€brucellosisÏand€tuberculosis€in€cattle,€there€are€many€other€animal€diseases€and€parasites€that€representÏa€potential€threat€to€human€health.€Among€these€are€anthrax,€encephalitis,€leptospirosis,€rabies,Ïerysipelas,€and€trichinosis.€The€latter€is€probably€the€most€serious,€because€this€parasite€isÏdifficult€to€detect€in€pork€and€its€presence€in€this€country€is€a€barrier€to€export€sales.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àUnderstanding€the€mechanisms€involved€in€transmission€of€animal€diseases€to€man,Ð üx  Ðincluding€the€role€of€insects,€ticks,€and€mites.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€control€programs€to€prevent€transmission€of€animal€diseases€to€man.ÐÔP @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€means€of€preventing€the€transmission€of€trichinosis€to€man.ÐÀ<@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€improved€procedures,€equipment,€and€facilities€for€use€in€red€meat€and€poultryÐ ¬( Ðinspection€programs.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€animal€disease€where€the€concern€is€the€protection€of€the€animalÐ pì Ðitself.€(Use€RPA€211).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à4600à € àProtection€against€diseases,€parasites,€and€nematodes€and€their€control€agentsÐ ä` Ðà @ à4900à € àBiology€of€plants€and€animalsÐ ÐL ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ¨$ ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ € ü Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ l!è  ÐÐ  X"Ô! Ðòòò òRPA€708.à0 | àHUMAN€NUTRITIONóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌHuman€nutrition€research€provides€fundamental€knowledge€about€the€relationship€of€food€eatenÏby€people€to€their€physical€and€mental€status€and€development€and€the€levels€of€well-beingÏmaintained€during€the€life€span.€Some€research€has€been€conducted€on€human€requirementsÏfor€nutrients.€So€many€gaps€exist,€however,€that€far€more€research€is€needed€to€provide€answersÏto€what€the€human€nutrient€requirements€are€and€how€best€to€meet€those€requirements€from€theÏfood€available.€Research€to€support€the€programs€in€consumer€education€and€food€use€is€vitalÏto€the€development€of€the€country.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àGuidelines€for€selection€of€food€combinations€to€meet€nutritional€requirements.ÐÈD @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMethods€of€evaluating€nutritional€status.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDetermination€of€the€nutrient€content€of€foods.Р @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àMethods€to€quantify€the€relationship€of€nutrient€intake€to€well-being.ÐŒ@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àThe€relationship€of€nutrient€intake€to€health,€intellectual€development,€vigor,€and€longevity.Ðxô@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àRequirements€for€energy,€carbohydrate,€fat,€protein,€amino€acids,€fatty€acids,€minerals,€andÐ dà Ðvitamins€as€related€to€age,€sex,€activity,€and€physiological€and€environmental€conditions.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àThe€interrelationships€among€nutrients€as€they€affect€absorption,€metabolism,€growth,€andÐ <¸ Ðmaintenance€requirements.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àEvaluation€of€the€effectiveness€of€nutritional€phases€of€programs€to€improve€nutritionalÐ  Ðstatus.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð °, ÐÌà @ à5510à € àFood€physical€processes€(canning,€freezing,€dehydration,€milling,€separation,Ð ˆ Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€extraction)Ìà @ à5520à € àFood€bioprocesses€(enzyme€and€microbial€applications)Ð `Ü Ðà @ à5530à € àFood€chemical€processes€(salt,€sugar,€acid)Ð L È Ðà @ à5540à € àFood€processing€efficiencies€(management€of€energy,€water,€wastes)Ð 8!´  Ðà @ à5550à € àFood€product€handling,€packaging,€and€storageÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à6320à € àHuman€nutrient€requirementsÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6340à € àFood€consumption€patterns€and€useÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6360à € àMetabolism€and€function€of€nutrients€in€foodÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6370à € àHuman€nutrition€and€behaviorÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à6380à € àHuman€nutritional€monitoring€and€surveillanceÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ „)&) Ðà @ à7000à € àDesign€of€experiments€and€methods€of€statistical€analysisÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ \+Ø'+ ÐÐ  H,Ä(, Ðò òRPA€708€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0800-1200,€1400-2000,€2200-2500,€2700-3400,€3800,€4000,€4100€(See€CommodityÌà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Classification)Ìà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ  | Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð ì h ÐÐ  Ø T  Ðòòò òRPA€709.à0 | àREDUCTION€OF€HAZARDS€TO€HEALTH€AND€SAFETYóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌPublic€Health€Service€findings€indicate€that€"cigarette€smoking€has€a€deleterious€effect€onÏhealth."€€Tobacco€growers,€manufacturers,€distributors,€suppliers,€exporters,€and€the€consumingÏpublic€all€have€a€substantial€stake€in€the€development€of€improved€cigarettes€by€reducing€orÏmodifying€the€substances€in€cigarette€smoke€which€create€hazards€to€good€health.ÌÌHandling€of€some€agricultural€products€can€cause€allergies€or€other€toxic€reactions.€Some€farmÏsupplies€may€be€toxic€if€inhaled,€if€accidentally€brought€in€contact€with€the€skin,€ingested,€orÏotherwise€improperly€used.€Certain€concentrations€of€dusts€or€fumes€from€agricultural€productsÏor€supplies€are€explosive.€Farm€and€processing€equipment€must€be€used€correctly€andÏeffectively€shielded€to€prevent€accidents.€Safety€is€an€essential€ingredient€of€sound€agriculture.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àImprovement€of€analytical€methods€for€determining€the€constituents€of€tobacco€and€tobaccoÐ Œ Ðsmoke.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àIsolation€and€identification€of€the€components€of€tobacco€and€tobacco€smoke€that€may€beÐ dà Ðinjurious€to€human€health.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€to€eliminate€or€deactivate€injurious€components€of€tobacco€smoke.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€to€detect€and€to€avoid€the€harmful€effects€of€toxic€residues€and€harmfulÐ (¤ Тmycotoxins£€in€tobacco.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€for€the€safe€handling€of€farm€products,€supplies,€and€livestock.Ð|@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àDetermining€the€need€for€protective€devices€and€procedures€for€safe€usage€of€farmÐ ìh Ðmachinery€and€equipment.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àDetermining€the€nature,€frequency,€and€causes€of€farm€accidents.ÐÄ@@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àDeveloping€methods€to€reduce€fire€risks€and€to€improve€fire€control€measures€for€cottonÐ °, Ðgins,€barns,€and€other€farm€structures.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àDetermining€risks€and€developing€needed€safety€measures€for€product€handling€inÐ ˆ Ðprocessing€plants€and€marketing€channels.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€toxic€residues€on€food€products.€(Use€RPA€701).ÐL È|$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€harmful€microorganisms€and€naturally€occurring€toxins€in€food.€(UseÐ 8!´  ÐRPA€702).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€disease€transmission.€(Use€RPA€707).Ð #Œ" ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð è$d!$ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð À&<#& ÐÌà @ à4810à € àProtection€against€fireÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ „)&) Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð p*ì&* Ðà @ à4880à € àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ H,Ä(, ÐÐ  4-°)- Ðò òRPA€709€(¢Cont'd£)Ð „ ÐÌó óÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð XÔ ÐÌà @ à1400à € àCorn€(For€Sweetcorn€use€1280)Ð 0¬ Ðà @ à1700à € àWheat€Ð  ˜ Ðà @ à2100à € àCotton€(including€cottonseed€for€planting€purposes)Ð  „ Ðà @ à2300à € àSoybeansÐ ô p Ðà @ à2600à € àTobacco€Ð à \  Ðà @ à2800à € àMiscellaneous€and€new€crops€Ð Ì H  Ðà @ à3300à € àSheep€and€woolà x àÐ ¸ 4  Ðà @ à3600à € àGeneral€purpose€supplies€(including€machinery,€equipment,€fertilizers,€feedstuffs,€andÐ ¤  Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€pesticides)Ìà @ à3700à € àClothing€and€textilesÐ |ø  Ðà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð hä  Ðà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ TÐ Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ @¼ ÐÌÐ  ” ÐÑ r ÑÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@$$&ìàòòGOAL€VIIIóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òASSIST€RURAL€AMERICANS€TO€IMPROVE€THEIR€LEVEL€OF€LIVINGóóó óÐ \Ø ÐÌÌMedian€farm€family€income,€as€well€as€rural€¢nonfarm£€family€income,€lags€far€behind€that€of€urbanÏfamilies.€Ways€must€be€found€to€assist€rural€people€in€adjusting€to€structural€changes€inÏagriculture€and€to€balance€farm€output€and€market€demand.€This€income€disparity€also€can€beÏreduced€by€improving€the€economic€potential€of€rural€youth€and€adults.€Also€needed€isÏinformation€on€how€to€use€money€and€other€resources€to€achieve€desired€goals€without€losingÏthe€uniquely€desirable€aspects€of€rural€life.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€801-808,€inclusive.Ìà@ìì*ìàˆÐ  Œ Ðòòò òRPA€801.à | àHOUSINGó óÐ „ ÐóóÌHousing,€as€individual€units€and€collectively,€has€a€significant€impact€on€the€quality€of€living.ÏTremendous€opportunities€exist€for€research€to€reveal€effective,€economical€procedures€andÏmaterials€for€renovating€and€modernizing€existing€houses€as€well€as€in€design€and€developmentÏof€new€housing.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€family€housing€requirements€on€the€basis€of€selected€characteristics€such€asÐ  €  Ðage,€income,€size;€stage€in€the€family€cycle;€health,€occupation,€and€ethnic€background.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDetermining€the€community,€regional,€and€national€needs€for€housing€on€the€basis€of€theÐ Ü X  Ðneeds€of€various€kinds€of€families€and€the€current€status€of€housing.€Special€considerationÏshould€be€directed€to€migrants,€the€aged,€low€income€groups,€and€the€physicallyÏhandicapped.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEffect€of€housing€environment€on€the€development€of€people.ÐŒ@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDetermining€costs€and€benefits€of€construction€systems€and€materials€giving€specialÐ xô Ðattention€to€consumer€needs€and€overcoming€market€obstacles.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCredit€availability€and€financing€arrangements€and€improved€credit€systems€which€provideÐ PÌ Ðadequate€financing€for€the€renovation€of€houses€and€construction€of€new€homes.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àImproved€designs,€materials,€and€construction€methods€for€both€renovation€and€newÐ (¤ Ðconstruction.€Includes€possibilities€for€inputs€by€the€homeowner€and€employees€with€limitedÏskills€and/or€training.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àReviewing€and€developing€building€codes€and€other€legal€requirements€which€provideÐ ìh Ðappropriate€safeguards€to€the€individual€and€the€community€without€imposing€unnecessaryÏobstacles€to€efficient,€economical€construction.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àDetermining€maintenance€needs€and€developing€convenient,€economical€ways€to€meetÐ °, Ðthese€needs.€This€should€include€consideration€of€the€possibilities€of€inputs€by€theÏhomeowner.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àFactors€contributing€to€deterioration€of€housing€structures.Ðtð@$@$ ÐòòÌExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àDevelopment€and€consideration€of€the€impact€of€alternative€public€policies€toÐ L È Ðcreate€incentives€for€rural€living.€(Use€RPA€907€or€908).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€housing€for€animals.€(Use€RPA€317).Ð $" ! ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ü#x # ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à4810à € àProtection€against€fireÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à4820à € àProtection€against€floodÐ „)&) Ðà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à4840à € àProtection€against€climatic€extremes€(frost,€hail,€wind,€drought,€etc.)Ð \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à4850à € àProtection€against€birdsÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ à4860à € àProtection€against€rodents€and€other€mammalsÐ 4-°)- Ðà @ à4870à € àProtection€against€molds,€fungi,€and€other€spoilage€organismsÐ  .œ*. Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ   /ˆ+/ Ðò òRPA€801€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à6100à € àDeveloping€domestic€markets,€including€consumer€preference€and€behaviorÐ (¤ Ðà @ à6410à € àQuality€of€family€livingÐ   Ðà @ à6420à € àQuality€of€housingÐ  | Ðà @ à6430à € àImprovement€of€domestic€and€community€water€and€waste€systemsÐ ì h Ðà @ à6450à € àQuality€of€management€and€use€of€personal,€domestic,€and€other€resourcesÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ Ä @  Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ ° ,  Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ œ  Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ ˆ  Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ tð  ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð LÈ ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð $  Ðà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilities€Ð Œ Ðà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ üx Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ èd ÐÐ  ÔP Ðòòò òRPA€802.à0 | àINDIVIDUAL€AND€FAMILY€DECISION€MAKING€AND€RESOURCEÐ „ ÐUSE€AND€FAMILY€FUNCTIONINGÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌFamilies€and€individuals€are€concerned€with€social€and€economic€decision€making.€SocialÏdecisions€encompass€some€of€the€major€turning€points€in€family€development,€including€the€lifeÏplans€of€children€and€the€fulfillment€of€aspirations.€Social€decisions€involve€making€the€most€ofÏhuman€resources€such€as€intelligence,€special€talents€and€skills,€and€special€motivations.ÌÌEconomic€decisions€are€concerned€with€financial,€material,€and€community€resources.€TheseÏmay€be€wages€and€salaries,€goods€in€kind,€public€services,€or€earnings€from€farm€or€otherÏbusinesses.€Allocations€must€be€made€to€provide€for€current€living,€investment,€or€capitalÏaccumulation.ÌÌQuality€of€family€life€is€highly€dependent€upon€both€economic€and€social€decisions;€upon€taskÏperformance€and€family€role€behavior,€including€consumer,€parental,€and€wage-earning€roles;Ïand€upon€the€interaction€of€family€members€both€within€the€family€and€with€others.€KnowledgeÏgained€from€research€will€provide€a€basis€for€assisting€families€to€improve€the€quality€of€living.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àFactors€involved€in€the€decision€making€process€and€decisions€as€affected€by€availabilityÐ \Ø Ðof€resources,€stage€in€the€life€cycle,€living€patterns,€values,€goals,€interests,€and€attitudes.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àConsumer€behavior€and€effect€of€consumer€decision€making€on€the€quality€of€life€ofÐ 4° Ðindividuals€and€families.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAllocation€of€resources€by€individuals€and€families€and€resulting€consumption€patterns€andÐ  ˆ Ðlevel€of€living.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àGuidelines€for€"minimum€decency"€levels€of€living,€including€"market€basket"€cost€of€goodsÐ ä` Ðand€services€for€various€residence€situations.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àFamily€task€requirements€and€ways€to€improve€performance.м8@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àIdentification€of€structural,€functional,€and€environmental€factors€contributing€to€family€lifeÐ ¨$ Ðpatterns€and€performance.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àFamily€roles€as€influenced€by€¢subcultural£,€economic,€social,€and€attitudinal€factors,€andÐ € ü Ðeffect€on€family€cohesiveness€and€human€organization.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àFactors€influencing€interaction€of€family€members€and€communication€between€familyÐ X"Ô! Ðmembers€and€others.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð %˜!$ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ô&p#& ÐÌà @ à6410à € àQuality€of€family€livingÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à6420à € àQuality€of€housingÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6430à € àImprovement€of€domestic€and€community€water€and€waste€systemsÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à6450à € àQuality€of€management€and€use€of€personal,€domestic,€and€other€resourcesÐ + (+ Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ |,ø(, Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ h-ä)- Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€802€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòActivities:óóÐ PÌ ÐÌà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ (¤ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð  | ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ Ø T  Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ Ä @  ÐÐ  ° ,  Ðòòò òRPA€803.à | àCAUSES€OF€POVERTY€AMONG€RURAL€PEOPLEóóó óÐ „ ÐÌResearch€is€needed€to€discover€the€underlying€social,€educational,€psychological,€nutritional,Ïphysical,€and€economic€factors€that€explain€why€a€significant€proportion€of€people€in€rural€areasÏare€in€poverty.€Nearly€half€the€people€with€poverty-level€incomes€in€the€United€States€are€in€ruralÏareas.€Little€is€known€of€how€the€poverty€cycle€can€be€broken€or€how€those€isolated€in€povertyÏcan€be€aided€in€their€own€development€and€in€finding€and€taking€advantage€of€social€andÏeconomic€opportunities.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€characteristics€of€the€rural€poor:€their€physical,€educational,€economic,€and€personalÐ Ü X  Ðresources;€their€attitudes€and€interests€through€which€they€can€be€stimulated€to€improveÏtheir€situation;€their€resources,€income,€and€levels€of€living;€and€their€ability€and€willingnessÏto€migrate€to€areas€with€greater€economic€potential.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àConditions€that€give€rise€to€and€perpetuate€poverty,€such€as€poor€health€and€malnutrition,Ð Œ Ðoccupational€displacement,€mental€and€physical€handicaps,€limiting€family€and€communityÏcircumstances,€inadequate€educational€preparation,€and€personal€and€family€catastrophe.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€factors€related€to,€and€the€processes€by€which,€some€individuals€and€families€haveÐ PÌ Ðovercome€their€poverty€backgrounds€and€achieved€¢socio£-economic€well-being.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€improvement€of€economic€potential€of€rural€people.€(Use€RPA€804).Ð|$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à0 | àResearch€on€improving€income€opportunities€in€rural€communities.€(Use€RPAÐ | Ð907).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ tð Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ `Ü Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ L È Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à7300à0 € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐü#x #€$€$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ „)&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÌÐ  \+Ø'+ Ðòòò òRPA€804.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€ECONOMIC€POTENTIAL€OF€RURALÐ „ ÐPEOPLEóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€is€needed€to€provide€knowledge€which€will€help€people€improve€their€economicÏpotential,€enable€them€to€identify€and€develop€their€employable€skills,€and€find€satisfyingÏemployment€in€the€occupation€that€uses€those€skills€most€effectively.€In€the€next€few€years€mostÏrural€youth€seeking€first€employment€will€need€to€find€jobs€in€¢nonfarm£€occupations.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDeveloping€information€on€the€requirements€for€success€in€various€occupationalÐ $    Ðalternatives,€including€education,€experience,€and€financial€resources.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€programs€to€provide€education,€training,€and€retraining€needed€by€rural€youthÐ üx  Ðand€adults€to€take€advantage€of€farm€and€¢nonfarm£€employment€opportunities.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDetermining€ways€to€raise€the€level€of€aspirations€of€rural€youth€and€to€motivate€them€toÐ ÔP  Ðacquire€necessary€training€and€education.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDetermining€opportunities€for€operators€of€low-income€farms€to€improve€their€situationÐ ¬( Ðthrough€adjustments€to€improve€farm€income,€combining€farming€with€part-time€¢nonfarm£Ïwork,€or€working€full-time€at€a€¢nonfarm£€job€or€business.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€to€improve€income€opportunities€in€rural€communities.€(Use€RPA€907).Ð\Ø|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 4° ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð  ˆ ÐÌà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ ä` Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ ÐL Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ ¼8 Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ ” Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ € ü ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ %˜!$ Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ &„"% Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÐ  ô&p#& Ðòòò òRPA€805.à0 | àCOMMUNICATION€AND€EDUCATION€PROCESSESóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌEffective€communication€is€vital€to€the€educational€process,€the€dissemination€of€knowledge,Ïdevelopment€of€sound€public€policy,€successful€conduct€of€public€programs,€and€developmentÏof€understanding€among€groups€in€our€society.ÌÌResearch€on€communication€will€assist€in€obtaining€agreement€on€the€most€important€problems;Ïgaining€public€support€for€research€on€the€problems;€and€reducing€the€time€lag€betweenÏdiscovery€and€development€and€the€adoption€of€improved€practices€and€products.ÌÌResearch€on€education€processes€is€needed€to€determine€effective€ways€to€achieve€educationalÏgoals.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€the€various€forms€and€combinations€of€mass€media,€group,€and€person„Ð Œ Ðto-person€contacts€most€effective€for€various€types€of€persons€and€groups€of€persons€andÏfor€different€kinds€of€information€to€be€communicated.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€techniques,€procedures,€and€educational€processes€for€effectivelyÐ PÌ Ðcommunicating€information€to€people€with€varying€backgrounds€and€skills.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€effective€ways€of€reaching€individuals€and€families€and€motivating€them€to€utilizeÐ (¤ Ðavailable€information,€resources,€and€technology€that€may€affect€their€economic,€social,€andÏphysical€well-being.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð °, ÐÌà @ à6310à € àNutrient€composition€of€foodÐ ˆ Ðà @ à6320à € àHuman€nutrient€requirementsÐ tð Ðà @ à6330à € àFood€fortification,€enrichment,€and€improvementÐ `Ü Ðà @ à6340à € àFood€consumption€patterns€and€useÐ L È Ðà @ à6360à € àMetabolism€and€function€of€nutrients€in€foodÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à6370à € àHuman€nutrition€and€behaviorÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6380à € àHuman€nutritional€monitoring€and€surveillanceÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à6390à € àEating€quality€of€foodÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à7200à € àInformation€documentation€and€retrievalÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ „)&) ÐÐ  p*ì&* Ðò òRPA€805€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ (¤ Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ   Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ  | Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÐ  ì h Ðòòò òRPA€806.à | àINDIVIDUAL€AND€FAMILY€ADJUSTMENT€TO€CHANGEóóó óÐ „ ÐÌThe€quickening€pace€of€technological,€economic,€and€social€change€increases€the€difficultiesÏof€many€families€in€making€successful€adjustments.€What€was€predominantly€a€rural€economyÏhas€been€transformed€to€a€transitional€society€having€many€urban€characteristics.€TheseÏchanges€and€those€involved€in€farm-¢nonfarm£€or€rural-urban€migration€often€require€major€social,Ïpsychological,€and€economic€adjustments€by€individuals€and€families,€some€of€which€are€veryÏstressful€and€disorganizing.€People€who€fail€to€make€successful€adjustments,€often€those€whoÏare€poorly€educated€and€with€limited€employable€skills,€present€critical€problems.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBasic€occupational€skills€and€personal€competencies€needed€by€rural€people€to€continueÐ ÈD  Ðto€be€productive€and€lead€satisfying€lives€in€a€changing€environment.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àWays€in€which€individuals€and€families€can€be€motivated€and€helped€to€meet€changes€inÐ    Ðeconomic€and€social€conditions,€especially€those€involved€in€a€transition€from€a€farm€to€aÏ¢nonfarm£€or€rural€to€urban€environment.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àUseful€alternatives€in€dealing€with€problems€of€occupational€displacement€and€economic,Ð dà Ðeducational,€psychological,€mental,€and€physical€handicaps.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àUnderstanding€the€role€of€the€family€and€developing€ways€to€help€families€cope€with€theÐ <¸ Ðdemands€of€modern€society.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àComposition€and€trends€in€farm€and€rural€population.Ð@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMigration€patterns€of€the€farm€and€rural€population.Ð|@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àIdentifying€factors€within€the€family€and€the€general€environment€that€influence€theÐ ìh Ðdevelopment€of€individuals€including€social,€mental,€physical,€and€emotional€growth€andÏwell-being.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€the€causes€and€alleviation€of€poverty.€(Use€RPA€803,€804€or€907).М|$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð tð ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð L È ÐÌà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ À&<#& ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ˜(%( ÐÌà @ à4000à € àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ \+Ø'+ Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ H,Ä(, Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÐ  4-°)- Ðòòò òRPA€807.à0 | àSTRUCTURAL€CHANGES€IN€AGRICULTUREóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌResearch€provides€an€understanding€of€the€significance€of€changes€taking€place€in€theÏorganization€and€structure€of€the€agricultural€industry.€Among€these€changes€are€the€trendÏtoward€fewer€and€larger€farms;€the€greater€specialization€of€production;€the€use€of€verticalÏcoordination€arrangements,€and€accompanying€shifts€of€functions€from€farm€to€¢nonfarm£€firms;Ïthe€status€of€the€farm€labor€force;€and€changes€in€the€managerial€status€of€the€farm€operator.ÌÌThe€study€of€structural€changes€in€agriculture€provides€information€that€is€essential€for€accurateÏprojections€of:€(1)€supply€responses€to€changes€in€price-cost€conditions;€(2)€demand€forÏproduction€inputs;€and€(3)€farmer€participation€in€various€types€of€organization.€In€addition,€anÏunderstanding€of€changes€in€the€structure€of€agriculture€is€basic€to€sound€agricultural€programÏdevelopment,€both€in€appraising€the€probable€degree€of€participation€in€the€program,€and€itsÏimpact€on€output€and€farm€incomes.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àAssembling€and€analyzing€data€on€current€and€prospective€trends€in€numbers€of€farms,€byÐ dà Ðsize,€type,€tenure€and€managerial€status,€and€region.€Estimating,€for€homogeneous€groupsÏof€farms,€averages€such€as€the€following:€total€investment,€labor€force,€inputs,€costs,Ïproduction,€gross€income,€and€net€income.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€extent€and€forms€of€vertical€coordination€and€other€arrangements€between€farm€andÐ  Тnonfarm£€firms€and€the€associated€transfer€of€functions€from€farm€to€supply,€processing,€orÏmarketing€firms.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àInterrelationships€between€changes€in€the€structure€of€agriculture€and€the€status€andÐ ØT Ðcomposition€of€its€labor€force,€including€the€effects€of€increasing€wage€levels€and€wage€andÏhour€legislation€on€capital-labor€substitution€in€agriculture.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àChanges€in€the€financial€structure€of€agriculture;€management€and€ownership€of€and€equityÐ œ Ðin€farm€resources.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àDeveloping€alternative€proposals€and€procedures€which€will€encourage€desirable€structuralÐ tð Ðchanges€in€agriculture.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð 8!´  ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð #Œ" ÐÌà @ à5300à € àManagement€of€labor,€capital,€and€other€inputsÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6000à € àAnalysis€of€supply,€demand,€and€price,€including€interregional€competitionÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à7200à € àInformation€documentation€and€retrievalÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ „)&) ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð \+Ø'+ ÐÌà @ à0800„1200,€1400„3400€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à4200,€4300,€4400€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à4600à € àFarmer€cooperativesÐ   /ˆ+/ Ðò òRPA€807€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à4700à € àMarketing,€processing,€and€supply€firms€other€than€cooperativesÐ (¤ Ðà @ à4800à0 € àMarketing€systems€and€sectors€thereof€Ð €$€$ ÐÐ   | Ðòòò òRPA€808.à0 | àGOVERNMENT€PROGRAMS€TO€BALANCE€FARM€OUTPUT€ANDÐ „ ÐMARKET€DEMANDÐ |$|$ Ðóóó óÌThe€demand€for€most€farm€products€is€highly€inelastic.€Hence,€in€a€free€market,€smallÏpercentage€changes€in€supply€may€cause€much€greater€percentage€changes€in€price.€BecauseÏof€the€nature€of€crop€and€livestock€production€these€fluctuations€in€supply€cannot€readily€beÏavoided.€The€resulting€price€fluctuations€in€turn,€introduce€additional€instability€into€the€market.ÏAmong€the€premises€of€price-support€and€production-control€programs€are€these:€(1)€in€a€freeÏmarket,€it€is€difficult€to€balance€farm€output€with€market€demand€at€stable€prices,€and€(2)€that€theÏinterests€of€both€producers€and€consumers€are€better€served€by€orderly€markets€than€byÏunstable€ones.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDeveloping€effective€ways€to€stabilize€farm€prices€and€incomes€through€governmentÐ ÔP  Ðpurchases€of€farm€products,€and€storage€of€surplus€stocks€against€periods€of€short€supply.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€effective€and€acceptable€supply€restraints€and€production€incentives€for€use€asÐ ¬( Ðneeded.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€an€economic€model€to€predict€the€response€of€farmers€to€various€economicÐ „ Ðinfluences,€including€U.S.€Department€of€Agriculture€programs€for€balancing€supply€andÏsupporting€prices,€cropland€adjustments,€and€incentive€payments.€This€type€of€analysisÏassists€policy€makers€in€selecting€program€alternatives€with€greater€certainty€of€attainingÏfarm€program€goals€at€minimum€costs.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDetermining€the€effectiveness€of€alternative€arrangements€for€administering€governmentÐ  œ Ðprograms.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ä` ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ” Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ l!è  Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ X"Ô! ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð 0$¬ # ÐÌà @ à0600-1200,€1400-3400€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à4200à € àThe€farm€as€a€business€enterpriseÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à4400à € àAgricultural€economy€of€United€States€and€sectors€thereof,€includingÐ à'\$' Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€interrelationships€with€the€total€economyÌà @ à4800à € àMarketing€systems€and€sectors€thereofÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð + (+ ÐÌÐ  h-ä)- ÐÑ d ÑÓ„^ÀhÀ@ü€|È xÐ(€Ø0ˆà8"$è&@)˜+ð-H0 2ø4P7¨9<X>°@ÀhÀ@ü€|È —X„Óà@\\'ìàòòGOAL€IXóóˆÐ „ ÐÌòòò òPROMOTE€COMMUNITY€IMPROVEMENT€INCLUDING€DEVELOPMENT€OFÐ \Ø ÐBEAUTY,€RECREATION,€ENVIRONMENT,€ECONOMIC€OPPORTUNITY,€ANDÏPUBLIC€SERVICESÌóóó óÌÌAchievement€of€many€aspirations€depends€upon€group€action€at€local,€State,€and€Federal€levelsÏto€make€desired€services€available.€To€a€considerable€measure,€availability€to€individuals€ofÏutilities,€health€services,€opportunities€for€education,€employment,€and€recreation€depend€uponÏcommunity€action.€Community€groups,€private€and€public,€need€facts€as€a€basis€for€programsÏthat€lead€to€group€satisfaction€from€joint€use€of€economic€and€natural€resources.ÌÌÌÌRPA's€901-908,€inclusive.ÌÐ  à\ Ðòòò òRPA€901.à0 | àALLEVIATION€OF€SOIL,€WATER,€AND€AIR€POLLUTION€ANDÐ „ ÐDISPOSAL€OF€WASTESóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌSoil,€water,€and€air€are€being€polluted€with€a€variety€of€substances,€both€inorganic€and€organic.ÏSome€of€the€contaminants€in€addition€to€those€of€industrial€origin€are€organic€pesticides,Ï¢radionuclides£€in€fertilizers,€growth€regulating€chemicals,€animal€and€crop€wastes,€mulchingÏmaterials,€pathogenic€microorganisms,€heavy€metals,€salts€used€on€roads€for€de-icing,€lead€fromÏfuel€combustion,€allergens,€and€radioactive€fallout.€Agricultural€research€must€be€primarilyÏconcerned€with€alleviating€pollution€initiated€by€agricultural€and€forestry€practices.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€character,€intensity,€and€causes€of€pollution€from€agricultural€and€forest€practices€andÐ üx  Ðthe€frequency€of€their€occurrence.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€behavior€and€fate€of€pesticides€and€a€wide€variety€of€other€pollutants€in€air,€soil,€andÐ ÔP  Ðwater.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethodology€and€instrumentation€for€detection€of€pollutants€and€methods€of€analysis.Ь(@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àPublic€policy€that€would€reduce€pollution.И@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àAlternative€methods€of€reducing€and€controlling€pollution€to€levels€that€are€not€harmful€toÐ „ Ðman,€plants,€or€animals;€or€methods€that€will€prevent€emission€of€the€pollutant.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àThe€role€and€use€of€living€organisms€in€removing€pollutants€from€the€environment.Ð\Ø@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àMinimum€environmental€quality€standards€for€human,€animal,€and€plant€health.ÐHÄ@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àMethods€of€collecting,€storing,€moving,€and€disposing€of€animal,€plant,€and€radioactiveÐ 4° Ðwastes€including€those€from€processing€plants.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àAlleviating€odors,€dust,€and€noise.Ð ˆ@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àDeveloping€useful€products€from€wastes€to€help€offset€the€costs€of€disposal.Ðøt@$@$ Ð(k)à0 @ àSafe€methods€of€disposing€of€pesticides€and€other€agricultural€chemicals€and€containers€ofÐ ä` Ðsuch€materials.Ð @$@$ Ð(l)à0 @ àAquatic€weeds€as€a€pollutant.м8@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€the€protection€of€plants,€animals,€and€man€from€harmful€effects€ofÐ ” Ðpollution.€(Use€RPA€214).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð X"Ô! ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð 0$¬ # ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ &„"% Ðà @ à4400à € àEvaluation€of€alternative€uses€and€methods€of€useÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ à4830à € àProtection€against€pollutantsÐ à'\$' Ðà @ à4880à € àProtection€against€allergens,€toxins,€and€poisonous€plantsÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ à4890à € àProtection€against€radiation,€noise,€and€other€hazardsÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à5900à € àImproving€economic€and€physical€efficiency€in€marketing,€including€analysis€ofÐ ¤* '* Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€market€structure€and€functionsÌà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ |,ø(, ÐÐ  h-ä)- Ðò òRPA€901€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0100à € àSoil€and€landÐ (¤ Ðà @ à0200à € àWaterÐ   Ðà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð  | Ðà @ à0400à € àAir€and€climateÐ ì h Ðà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð Ø T  Ðà @ à0800-3400,€3600,€3800,€3900€(See€Commodity€Classification)Ìà @ à6100à € àWeedsÐ ° ,  Ðà @ à6600à € àMicroorganisms,€viruses,€etc.Ð œ  Ðà @ à6700à € àPlantsÐ ˆ  Ðà @ à6800à € àAnimals€(Vertebrates)Ð tð  ÐÌThe€general€intent€of€this€RPA€is€to€alleviate€òòsoilóó,€òòwateróó,€and€òòair€pollutionóó.€The€resource€beingÐ LÈ Ðprotected€is€thus€0100-0400€(see€above),€one€or€more€of€which€should€be€listed€as€theÏCommodity€or€Resource€on€Form€AD-417.€For€those€projects€concerned€primarily€withÏdeveloping€a€way€to€dispose€of€a€particular€kind€of€waste,€the€appropriate€crop€or€animalÏCommodity€(0600,€0800-3400,€3600,€3800,€3900,€6100,€6600,€6700,€or€6800„„See€CommodityÏClassification)€should€also€be€listed€on€Form€AD-417.ÌÐ  ÔP Ðòòò òRPA€902.à0 | àOUTDOOR€RECREATIONóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌOutdoor€recreational€research€provides€information€to€guide€the€management€of€rural€lands€forÏrecreation,€and€to€help€coordinate€this€use€with€other€land€resource€uses.€The€research€involvesÏproblems€in€management€of€the€resource€and€¢socio£-economic€relationships€of€users€to€theÏresource.€Demands€for€recreation€continue€to€increase,€and€are€becoming€more€varied€and€moreÏcomplex,€at€a€time€when€pressure€on€all€land€resources€is€increasing.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€the€demand€for€outdoor€recreation.Ðð l @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àCriteria€for€selecting€sites€which€will€attract€and€support€heavy€recreation€use.ÐÜ X @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àDeveloping€practical€methods€to€maintain€existing€recreation€sites€and€restoring€thoseÐ ÈD  Ðdepleted€by€heavy€use.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àRequirements€for€aesthetic€landscapes€and€means€for€producing€and€maintaining€them.Р @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àMethods€for€the€protection,€management,€and€recreational€use€of€wilderness-type€historicalÐ Œ Ðand€archeological€areas€and€scenic€landscapes.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àManagement€systems€and€special€equipment€and€facilities€which€will€minimize€dangers€fromÐ dà Ðfire,€avalanches,€and€other€natural€hazards.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àUnderstanding€of€visitor€preferences€and€attitudes€regarding€outdoor€recreationÐ <¸ Ðopportunities.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð | ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ØT ÐÌà @ à4100à € àResource€description€and€inventoryÐ °, Ðà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ œ Ðà @ à4500à € àProtection€against€insects,€mites,€snails,€and€slugs€and€their€control€agentsÐ ˆ Ðà @ à4700à € àProtection€against€weeds€and€their€control€agentsÐ tð Ðà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ `Ü Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ L È Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ 8!´  Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ $" ! Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ #Œ" Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ ü#x # ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð Ô%P"% ÐÌà @ à0500à € àRecreational€resources€Ð ¬'($' Ðà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ˜(%( Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ „)&) Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÌÐ  \+Ø'+ Ðòòò òRPA€903.à0 | àMULTIPLE€USE€POTENTIAL€OF€FOREST€LAND€ANDÐ „ ÐEVALUATION€OF€FORESTRY€PROGRAMSóóФ |$|$ Ðó óÌMost€forest€areas€and€related€resources€can€be€devoted€to€widely€varying€uses€depending€onÏthe€owner's€objective€and€the€allocation€of€investments€for€resource€development.€On€more€thanÏ300€million€acres€of€National€Forests€and€other€public€lands,€for€example,€guidelines€are€neededÏto€determine€the€best€combination€of€uses€or€systems€of€managing€forest€land€for€timber,€water,Ïforage,€recreation,€wildlife,€or€other€purposes.ÌÌForestry€programs€to€increase€production€of€timber€and€related€forest€resources€need€to€beÏevaluated€to€determine€their€relative€costs€and€effectiveness.€These€programs€cover€a€wideÏrange€of€activities€including€protection€against€fire,€insects€and€disease,€reforestation,€timberÏstand€improvement,€and€improved€timber€harvesting.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àDetermining€the€relative€efficiency€of€various€combinations€of€measures€and€programs€toÐ ¬( Ðmeet€projected€demands€for€timber€and€other€forest-based€products€and€services.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àAdapting€basic€data€on€output€potentials€and€operational€guidelines€provided€by€timber,Ð „ Ðrange,€recreational,€and€wildlife€research€for€use€in€analyzing€multiple€use€managementÏplans€and€programs.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àEvaluating€the€response€of€forest€owners€and€operators€to€various€types€of€public€andÐ HÄ Ðprivate€forestry€assistance€programs.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àDeveloping€procedures€and€criteria€for€evaluating€the€relative€costs€and€benefits€ofÐ  œ Ðalternative€forest€land€uses€and€combinations.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à | àResearch€on€the€economics€of€timber€production€òòperóó€òòseóó.€(Use€RPA€303).Ð ä` ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¼8 ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ” ÐÌà @ à4300à € àResource€development,€conservation,€and€managementÐ l!è  Ðà @ à4400à € àEvaluation€of€alternative€uses€and€methods€of€useÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ D#À" ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð %˜!$ ÐÌà @ à0300à € àWatersheds€and€river€basins€Ð ô&p#& Ðà @ à0500à € àRecreational€resources€Ð à'\$' Ðà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð Ì(H%( Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ ¸)4&) Ðà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitatsÐ ¤* '* ÐÐ  + (+ Ðòòò òRPA€904.à0 | àFISH€AND€OTHER€AQUATIC€LIFE,€FUR-BEARING€ANIMALS,Ð „ ÐAND€OTHER€WILDLIFEó óФ |$|$ ÐóóÌResearch€on€wildlife,€fur-bearing€animals,€fish,€and€other€aquatic€life€is€needed€to€meet€the€everÏgrowing€demands€of€sportsmen,€trappers,€and€fishermen;€to€assure€continuing€supplies€ofÏaquatic€life€for€food€and€other€purposes;€and€to€meet€increasing€demands€for€aesthetic€valuesÏsuch€as€non-game€wildlife.ÌÌTo€maintain€and€increase€the€supply€of€wildlife,€fish,€and€other€aquatic€life€it€is€essential€to€knowÏhow€to€maintain€and€enhance€their€habitat,€and€to€determine€the€biological€requirements€andÏrelationships€of€each€species,€including€cover€and€food€for€normal€growth.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àThe€life€histories€and€population€dynamics€of€fish,€fur-bearing€animals,€and€wildlife,Ð ÔP  Ðincluding€non-game€and€vanishing€species€and€aquatic€organisms€and€of€plants€thatÏprovide€food€and€shelter.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àThe€ecological€and€physiological€requirements€of€fish,€fur-bearing€animals,€wildlife,€andÐ ˜ Ðother€aquatic€life.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àAdaptation€of€plants€to€sites€and€selection€and€genetic€improvement€of€both€native€andÐ pì Ðexotic€food€and€cover€plants.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àImproving€wildlife€habitat€through€such€measures€as€seeding,€planting,€prescribed€burning,Ð HÄ Ðspraying,€fertilizing,€and€manipulation€of€native€vegetation.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àImproving€fish€habitat€and€food€supplies€through€management€of€streamside€vegetation,Ð  œ Ðchannel€stabilization,€and€creation€of€spawning€beds.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àBreeding,€selection,€feeding,€and€management€of€wildlife€and€fur-bearing€animals.Ðøt@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àBreeding,€selection,€and€management€of€fish€and€other€aquatic€animals.Ðä`@$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àThe€biology€and€environmental€requirements€of€aquatic€life€and€possibilities€ofÐ ÐL Ðenvironmental€control.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àProtection€against€insects,€diseases,€and€other€hazards,€except€pollutants.Ш$@$@$ Ð(j)à0 @ àMarketing€studies€related€to€any€of€the€above€commodities.Д@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€protection€of€aquatic€organisms,€fish,€and€wildlife€against€pollutants.Ð l!è  Ð(Use€RPA€214).Ð |$|$ Ðà @ àà ü à(2)à | àResearch€on€new€and€improved€animal€products.€(Use€RPA€410€or€411).Ð D#À" Ðà @ àà ü à(3)à | àResearch€on€quality€maintenance€in€marketing€animal€products.€(Use€RPA€412).Ð 0$¬ # Ðà @ àà ü à(4)à | àGrades€and€standards.€(Use€RPA€501).Ð %˜!$ Ðà @ àà ü à(5)à | àSupply,€demand,€and€price€analysis.€(Use€RPA€506).Ð &„"% Ðà @ àà ü à(6)à | àResearch€on€farmed„raised€fish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur„bearing€animals,€andÐ ô&p#& Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€other€wildlife.€€(Use€appropriate€RPA).ÌÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð ¸)4&) ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð + (+ ÐÌà @ à4100,€4300-5600,€5800-6390,€7300€(See€Activity€Classification)ÌÐ  T.Ð*. Ðò òRPA€904€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð (¤ Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeÐ   Ðà @ à0800à € àFish,€shellfish,€game€and€fur-bearing€animals,€and€other€wildlife€and€their€habitats€Ð  | Ðà @ à3600à € àGeneral€purpose€supplies€(including€machinery,€equipment,€fertilizers,€feedstuffs,€andÐ ì h Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€pesticides)Ìà @ à3900à € àStructures€and€facilitiesÐ Ä @  Ðà @ à6500à € àInvertebratesÐ  ° ,  Ðò òòòRPA€905.€TREES€TO€ENHANCE€RURAL€AND€URBAN€ENVIRONMENTó óóóÐ „ ÐÌThis€research€provides€some€of€the€scientific€knowledge€required€to€maintain€or€improve€theÏquality€of€the€rural€and€urban€environment,€and€to€enhance€natural€beauty€throughÏspecial-purpose€tree€planting.€Technological€change€is€multiplying€the€need€for€special€treeÏplanting€to€screen€junkyards€and€highways,€suppress€noise,€slow€the€movement€of€dust€andÏdebris,€and€provide€trees€for€shade,€beauty,€and€¢shelterbelts£€to€protect€crops,€animals,€andÏfarmsteads.€Research€is€needed€to€find€species€and€techniques€so€that€trees€can€survive€smokeÏand€air€pollution,€compacted€soils,€deficient€or€excessive€moisture,€and€other€adverseÏconditions.€The€end€product€of€concern€in€this€research€is€a€standing€tree€to€enhance€theÏenvironment.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àSelection€and€breeding€of€trees€for€urban€environments,€¢shelterbelts£,€shade,€and€otherÐ    Ðspecial€purposes.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àProtection€from€insects,€diseases,€and€other€hazards€through€cultural,€biological,€orÐ xô Ðchemical€means.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€of€site€preparation€and€planting€appropriate€for€special-purpose€tree€planting.ÐPÌ@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àCulture€and€maintenance€of€urban€trees€and€stands.Ð<¸@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àCulture€and€improvement€of€¢shelterbelts£.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àMarketing€of€nursery€stock€of€trees€used€to€enhance€the€environment.Ð@$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àSoil€and€site€requirements€of€species€needed€to€improve€the€environment.Ð|@$@$ ÐÌòòExcludeóó:€(1)à0 | àResearch€on€trees€for€production€of€timber€and€other€commercial€products.€(UseÐ ØT ÐRPA€111,€201,€202,€301,€302,€or€303).Ð |$|$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð œ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð tð ÐÌà @ à4300,€4500-5300,€5800-6200€(See€Activity€Classification)ÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€products€Ð ü#x # Ðà @ à0700à € àRangeñMñ€(See€Special€Classification€„€Table€J)ñMñÐ è$d!$ ÐÐ  Ô%P"% Ðòòò òRPA€906.à0 | àCULTURE€AND€PROTECTION€OF€ORNAMENTALS€AND€TURFóóó óЄ|$|$ ÐÌMore€efficient€production€and€new€varieties€of€flowers,€ornamental€plants,€and€turf€are€neededÏtoday€for€city€and€suburban€gardeners,€and€for€the€national€beautification€effort.€OrnamentalÏplants€resistant€to€insects,€drought,€flood,€diseases,€traffic,€and€the€competition€of€weeds€areÏneeded€for€highway€and€railway€rights-of-way€and€other€areas€where€intensive€care€is€notÏpossible.ÌÌThe€floricultural€and€nursery€industries,€and€owners€and€managers€of€parks€and€golf€coursesÏhave€many€unsolved€problems.€Costs€of€protecting€ornamentals€against€insects,€diseases,€andÏweeds€are€high,€and€losses€due€to€decreased€production€are€substantial.€Problems€ofÏmaintaining€quality€during€transporting,€storing,€and€marketing€ornamentals€are€important.ÏChristmas€trees€(0611),€and€ornamental,€shade,€and€landscape€trees€(0615,€0624,€and€0625)Ïmay€be€classified€to€this€RPA.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€to€enhance€aesthetic€and€special€use€characteristics.Ðdà@$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àBreeding€and€selection€for€hardiness€and€resistance€to€drought,€insects,€diseases,€andÐ PÌ Ðother€hazards.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àMethods€for€protection€from€insects,€diseases,€weeds,€and€other€hazards.Ð(¤@$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àImproved€methods€of€propagation,€culture,€and€care.Ð@$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àImproved€marketing€and€handling,€transportation,€and€packaging.Ð|@$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àOptimum€methods€and€materials€for€fertilizing€and€watering€ornamentals€and€turf.Ðìh@$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð Ä@ ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð œ ÐÌà @ à4300,€4500-5300,€5600-6200,€6410,€6420,€6450,€7500€(See€Activity€ClassificationñNñ€-Ìà @ àà ü àà € à€€€Table€BñNñ)ÌÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð L È ÐÌà @ à0600à € àTrees,€forests,€and€forest€productsÐ $" ! Ðà @ à1000à € àDeciduous€and€small€fruits€and€edible€tree€nuts€Ð #Œ" Ðà @ à1300à € àOrnamentals€and€turf€Ð ü#x # ÐÐ  è$d!$ Ðòòò òRPA€907.à0 | àIMPROVED€INCOME€OPPORTUNITIES€IN€RURAL€COMMUNITIESóóЄ|$|$ Ðó óÌResearch€on€income€improvement€in€rural€communities€will€identify€ways€by€which€depressedÏareas€can€attain€full€economic€potential.€Only€by€providing€adequate€income€opportunities€canÏthese€communities€retain€more€of€their€young€people€and€finance€the€kind€of€public€and€privateÏfacilities€and€services€that€make€them€attractive€places€to€live.€Accelerated€economicÏdevelopment€of€depressed€rural€areas€is€of€vital€concern€to€many€large€urban€centers,€which€areÏnot€equipped€to€assimilate€the€flood€of€rural€migrants€they€receive.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àCriteria€for€delineating€functional€¢socio£-economic€areas€for€planning€in€order€to€achieveÐ Ü X  Ðeffective€economic€development€in€an€area.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àDeveloping€a€set€of€economic€indicators€for€rural€areas.д0 @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€process€of€economic€growth€and€the€influences€that€shape€it,€including€the€resourceÐ    Ðbase€of€the€area€and€its€¢locational£€advantages€and€disadvantages.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àAnalysis€of€the€comparative€economic€advantage€for€agriculture€and€industry€and€theÐ xô Ðprospects€of€increasing€local€employment€opportunities€and€providing€a€more€adequate€taxÏbase€for€the€support€of€community€services.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àPotential€for€further€development€of€agricultural€and€forest€resources€in€rural€areas,Ð <¸ Ðincluding€the€associated€supply,€processing,€and€marketing€facilities.Ð @$@$ Ð(f)à0 @ àFarm€and€community€income€possibilities€from€the€development€of€new€and€expandedÐ  Ðenterprises€including€raising€pets,€horses,€and€laboratory€animals,€and€development€of€feeÏhunting€and€fishing€and€other€recreation€areas.Ð @$@$ Ð(g)à0 @ àPotential€contribution€of€improved€transportation€facilities€in€bringing€desirable€employmentÐ ØT Ðopportunities€within€commuting€reach€of€residents€of€rural€communities.Ð @$@$ Ð(h)à0 @ àThe€kinds€of€public€programs€needed€to€stimulate€rural€community€development€and€theÐ °, Ðeffectiveness€of€existing€programs€in€accomplishing€this€objective.Ð @$@$ Ð(¢i£)à0 @ àFactors€associated€with€the€occurrence€of€depressed€areas,€and€policy€measures€that€mightÐ ˆ Ðhave€prevented€such€areas€from€falling€behind€the€rest€of€the€economy.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð L È ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð $" ! ÐÌà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ ü#x # Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ è$d!$ Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ Ô%P"% Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ À&<#& Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ ¬'($' Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ ˜(%( Ðà @ à7000à € àDesign€of€experiments€and€methods€of€statistical€analysisÐ „)&) Ðà @ à7200à € àInformation€documentation€and€retrievalÐ p*ì&* Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ \+Ø'+ ÐÐ  H,Ä(, ÐñOñà€¼¼=$àñOñò òRPA€907€(¢Cont'd£)ó óÐ „ ÐÌÌñPñÌñPñ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð PÌ ÐÌà0 @ à4000à0€@$@$àPeople€as€individual€workers,€consumers,€and€members€of€societyÐ(¤€$€$ Ðà @ à4100à € àThe€family€and€its€membersÐ   Ðà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ  | Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÌÐ  Ø T  Ðòòò òRPA€908.à0 | àIMPROVEMENT€OF€RURAL€COMMUNITY€INSTITUTIONS€ANDÐ „ ÐSERVICESóóó óФ |$|$ ÐÌRural€communities€need€information€to€help€develop€the€organization,€agencies,€services,€andÏleadership€which€will€make€them€attractive€places€to€live,€work,€and€establish€businesses.ÌÌSome€rural€communities€are€experiencing€sharp€increases€or€decreases€in€population.€ModernÏtransportation€and€communication€have€contributed€to€the€development€of€trading€and€socialÏcenters€serving€large€geographic€areas,€and€have€caused€the€decline€or€elimination€of€a€greatÏmany€small€centers.€Uncoordinated€development€and€other€changes€in€land€use€often€make€itÏimpossible€to€provide€public€services€economically.ÌÌAreas€of€research€include:ÌÌ(a)à0 @ àCriteria€for€delineating€functional€¢socio£-economic€areas€in€order€to€provide€effective€andÐ ÔP  Ðefficient€community€institutions€and€services.Ð @$@$ Ð(b)à0 @ àMeasuring€the€adequacy,€quality,€and€cost€of€education,€health,€sanitation,€and€waterÐ ¬( Ðsystems,€and€other€public€and€private€services.Ð @$@$ Ð(c)à0 @ àThe€organizational€and€operational€efficiency€of€local€government€units€in€meeting€theÐ „ Ðneeds€of€modern€rural€society.Ð @$@$ Ð(d)à0 @ àEffective€protection€of€the€community's€interest€in€changes€in€land€use€through€zoning€andÐ \Ø Ðother€means,€including€suburban€development€and€industrial€and€agricultural€uses.Ð @$@$ Ð(e)à0 @ àEffective€development,€coordination,€and€adaptation€of€the€various€services,€agencies,€andÐ 4° Ðorganizations€to€best€meet€the€community's€needs.Ð @$@$ ÐÌòòClassification€Guidelinesóó:Ð øt ÐÌ€€òòActivitiesóó:Ð ÐL ÐÌà @ à6430à € àImprovement€of€domestic€and€community€water€and€waste€systemsÐ ¨$ Ðà @ à6500à € àDescription,€inventory,€and€trendsÐ ” Ðà @ à6600à € àEconomic€development€and€adjustmentÐ € ü Ðà @ à6710à € àImprovement€of€social€well-beingÐ l!è  Ðà @ à6720à € àImprovement€of€social€services€and€facilitiesÐ X"Ô! Ðà @ à6730à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€social€changeÐ D#À" Ðà @ à6740à € àCommunity,€family,€and€individual€adjustment€to€economic€changeÐ 0$¬ # Ðà @ à7300à € àEvaluation€of€public€programs,€policies,€and€servicesÐ %˜!$ ÐÌ€€òòCommodities,€etc.óó:Ð ô&p#& ÐÌà @ à4300à € àCommunities,€areas,€and€regions,€including€counties€and€states,€and€their€institutionsÐ Ì(H%( Ðà @ àà ü àà € à€€€and€organizationsÌ